@incollection{,
	
					
					
					29BE009D2A1F19CDA672026B18C5D4AD
				,
	author={{Paul AndrewBourne} and {University of Technology}},
	journal={{Global Journal of Medical Research}},
	journal={{GJMR}}2249-46180975-588810.34257/GJMR,
	address={Cambridge, United States},
	publisher={Global Journals Organisation}1421931
}

@book{b0,
	
	
		,
	title={{World Health Organization. Preventing Chronic Diseases a vital investment}}
		
			,
	year={2005}
			,
	address={Geneva}
		
	

}

@incollection{b1,
	
	
		,
	title={{Chronic non-communicable diseases}}
		,
	author={{
			NUnwin
		} and {
			KGAlberti
		}}
		
	
	
		,
	journal={{Ann Trop Med Parasitol}}
		
			100
			
			,
	year={2006}
		
	

}

@incollection{b2,
	
	
		,
	title={{Raising the priority of chronic noncommunicable diseases in the Caribbean}}
		,
	author={{
			CJHospedales
		} and {
			TASamuels
		} and {
			RCummings
		} and {
			GGollop
		} and {
			EGreene
		}}
		
		
		
		
	
	
		,
	journal={{Rev Panam Salud Publica}}
		
			30
			4
			
			,
	year={2011}
		
	

}

@incollection{b3,
	
	
		,
	title={{Economic burden of diabetes and hypertension in CARICOM states}}
		,
	author={{
			AOAbdulkadri
		} and {
			CCunningham-Myrie
		} and {
			TForrester
		}}
		
		
	
	
		,
	journal={{Soc Econ Stud}}
		
			58
			3&4
			
			,
	year={2009}
		
	

}

@book{b4,
	
	
		,
	title={{Caribbean Community/Pan American Health Organization/World Health Organization. Strategic plan of action for prevention and control of chronic noncommunicable diseases in countries of the Caribbean community}}
		
			,
	year={2011-2015. Washington, 2011}
		
	

}

@incollection{b5,
	
	
		,
	title={{Chronic disease in the Caribbean: strategies to respond to the public health challenge in the region.What can we learn from Jamaica's experience?}}
		,
	author={{
			TSFerguson
		} and {
			MKTulloch-Reid
		} and {
			CACunningham-Myrie
		} and {
			TDavidson-Sadler
		} and {
			SCopeland
		} and {
			ELewis-Fuller
		} and {
			RJWilks
		}}
		
		
		
		
		
		
	
	
		,
	journal={{West Indian Med J}}
		
			60
			
			,
	year={2011}
		
	

}

@incollection{b6,
	
	
		,
	title={{Progression from Prehypertension to Hypertension in a Jamaican Cohort: Incident Hypertension and its Predictors}}
		,
	author={{
			TSFerguson
		} and {
			NYounger
		} and {
			MKTulloch-Reid
		} and {
			Lawrence-WrightMb
		} and {
			TEForrester
		} and {
			RSCooper
		} and {
			JVan De Broeck
		} and {
			RJWilks
		}}
		
		
		
		
		
		
		
	
	
		,
	journal={{West Indian Med J}}
		
			59
			5
			
			,
	year={2010}
		
	

}

@incollection{b7,
	
	
		,
	title={{Explanations for the high risk of diabetes-related amputation in a Caribbean population of black African descent and potential for prevention}}
		,
	author={{
			AJHennis
		} and {
			HSFraser
		} and {
			RJonnalagadda
		} and {
			JFuller
		} and {
			NChaturvedi
		}}
		
		
		
		
	
	
		,
	journal={{Diabetes Care}}
		
			27
			11
			
			,
	year={2004}
		
	

}

@incollection{b8,
	
	
		,
	title={{Chronic Kidney Disease in the Caribbean}}
		,
	author={{
			AKSoyibo
		} and {
			LRoberts
		} and {
			ENBarton
		}}
		
		
	
	
		,
	journal={{West Indian Med J}}
		
			60
			4
			
			,
	year={2011}
		
	

}

@incollection{b9,
	
	
		,
	title={{Chronic Diseases, Self-Rated Health Status, Health Care Utilization and Health Insurance Status of Males in a Caribbean nation}}
		,
	author={{
			PABourne
		}}
	
	
		,
	journal={{J Behav Health}}
		
			2
			1
			
			,
	year={2013}
		
	

}

@incollection{b10,
	
	
		,
	title={{Lifestyle management in the hypertensive diabetic}}
		,
	author={{
			JCallender
		}}
	
	
		,
	journal={{Cajanus}}
		
			33
			
			,
	year={2000}
		
	

}

@incollection{b11,
	
	
		,
	title={{Diabetes and hypertension: Twin trouble}}
		,
	author={{
			EMorrison
		}}
	
	
		,
	journal={{Cajanus}}
		
			33
			
			,
	year={2000}
		
	

}

@incollection{b12,
	
	
		,
	title={{Jamaica health and lifestyle survey 2007-8}}
		,
	author={{
			RWilks
		} and {
			NYounger
		} and {
			MTulloch-Reid
		} and {
			SMcfarlane
		} and {
			DFrancis
		}}
		
		
		
		
	
	
		,
	journal={{Epidemiology Research Unit}}
		
			,
	year={2008}
		
		
			Tropical Medicine Research Institute, University of the West Indies
		
	
	,
	note={Technical report}

}

@incollection{b13,
	
	
		,
	title={{Health of children in Jamaica: The new health realities}}
		,
	author={{
			PABourne
		}}
	
	
		,
	journal={{Indian Journal of Medical Sciences}}
		
			66
			7&8
			
			,
	year={2012}
		
	

}

@incollection{b14,
	
	
		,
	title={{Hypertensive And Modeling Their Social Determinants Of Self-Rated Health Status In A Middle-Income Developing Nation}}
		,
	author={{
			PABourne
		} and {
			CA DCharles
		}}
		
	
	
		,
	journal={{Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research}}
		
			5
			1
			
			,
	year={2011}
		
	

}

@incollection{b15,
	
	
		,
	title={{Childhood obesity, prevalence and prevention}}
		,
	author={{
			MDehghan
		} and {
			NAkhtar-Danesh
		} and {
			ATMerchant
		}}
		
		
	
	
		,
	journal={{Nutrition}}
		
			4
			24
			,
	year={2005}
		
	

}

@incollection{b16,
	
	
		,
	title={{Eating patterns, dietary quality and obesity}}
		,
	author={{
			TANiklas
		}}
	
	
		,
	journal={{Journal of the American College of Nutrition}}
		
			20
			
			,
	year={2001}
		
	

}

@incollection{b17,
	
	
		,
	title={{Predicting obesity in young adulthood from childhood and parental obesity}}
		,
	author={{
			RCWhitaker
		} and {
			JAWright
		} and {
			MSPepe
		} and {
			KDSeidel
		} and {
			WHDietz
		}}
		
		
		
		
	
	
		,
	journal={{New England Journal of Medicine}}
		
			337
			
			,
	year={1997}
		
	

}

@incollection{b18,
	
	
		,
	title={{Childhood predictors of adult obesity: A systematic review}}
		,
	author={{
			TJParsons
		} and {
			CPower
		} and {
			SLogan
		} and {
			CDSummerbell
		}}
		
		
		
	
	
		,
	journal={{International Journal of Obesity}}
		
			23
			
			,
	year={1999}
		
	

}

@incollection{b19,
	
	
		,
	title={{Worldwide trends in childhood overweight and obesity}}
		,
	author={{
			YWang
		} and {
			TLobstein
		}}
		
	
	
		,
	journal={{International Journal of Pediatric Obesity}}
		
			1
			
			,
	year={20006}
		
	

}

@book{b20,
	
	
		,
	title={{Long-term morbidity and mortality of overweight adolescents: A follow-up of the Harvard}}
		,
	author={{
			AMust
		} and {
			PFJacques
		} and {
			GEDallal
		} and {
			CJBajema
		} and {
			WHDietz
		}}
		
		
		
		
		
	

}

@incollection{b21,
	
	
		,
	title={{Overweight, ethnicity and the prevalence of hypertension in school-age children}}
		,
	author={{
			JMSorof
		} and {
			DLai
		} and {
			JTurner
		} and {
			TPoffenbarger
		} and {
			RJPortman
		}}
		
		
		
		
	
	
		,
	journal={{Pediatrics}}
		
			113
			
			,
	year={2004}
		
	

}

@incollection{b22,
	
	
		,
	title={{Obesity and the risk of Type 2 Diabetes and Cardiovascular Disease in children and adolescents}}
		,
	author={{
			MIGoran
		} and {
			GdcBall
		} and {
			MLCruz
		}}
		
		
	
	
		,
	journal={{Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism}}
		
			88
			
			,
	year={2003}
		
	

}

@incollection{b23,
	
	
		,
	title={{Cardiovascular risk factors and excess adiposity among overweight children and adolescents: the Bogalusa Heart Study}}
		,
	author={{
			DSFreedman
		} and {
			MZuguo
		} and {
			SRSrinivasan
		} and {
			GSBerenson
		} and {
			WHDietz
		}}
		
		
		
		
	
	
		,
	journal={{Pediatrics}}
		
			150
			1
			
			,
	year={2007}
		
	

}

@incollection{b24,
	
	
		,
	title={{Summary health statistics for U.S. children: National Health Interview Survey}}
		,
	author={{
			BBloom
		} and {
			RACohen
		} and {
			GFreeman
		}}
		
		
	
	
		,
	journal={{National Center for Health Statistics. Vital and Health Statistics}}
		
			10
			
			,
	year={2009. 2010}
		
	

}

@book{b25,
	
	
		,
	title={{World Health Organization Europe. Incidence of childhood leukaemia. World Health Organization}}
		
			,
	year={2009}
		
	

}

@incollection{b26,
	
	
		,
	title={{Growing Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases in the Developing Countries: Is there a Role for Small Dense LDL Particles as an Inclusion Criteria for Individuals at Risk for the Metabolic Syndrome?}}
		,
	author={{
			AArora
		} and {
			QAKhan
		} and {
			VArora
		} and {
			NSetia
		} and {
			BVKhan
		}}
		
		
		
		
	
	
		,
	journal={{J Community Med Health Educ}}
		
			3
			243
			,
	year={2013}
		
	

}

@incollection{b27,
	
	
		,
	title={{Resource needs for addressing non-communicable disease in low-and middle-income countries: current and future developments}}
		,
	author={{
			KStenberg
		} and {
			DChisholm
		}}
		
	
	
		,
	journal={{Global Heart}}
		
			7
			
			,
	year={2012}
		
	

}

@incollection{b28,
	
	
		,
	title={{Chronic non-communicable disease as a new epidemic in Africa: focus on the Gambia}}
		,
	author={{
			SAOmoleke
		}}
	
	
		,
	journal={{Pan Afr Med J}}
		
			14
			87
			,
	year={2013}
		
	

}

@book{b29,
	
	
		,
	title={{Non communicable diseases: a race against time}}
		,
	author={{
			DBradshaw
		} and {
			KSteyn
		} and {
			NLevitt
		} and {
			BNojilana
		}}
		
		
		
		
	

}

@book{b30,
	
	
		,
	author={{
			SouthParow
		} and {
			Africa
		}}
		
		,
	title={{Medical Research Council; 2010. 32. Statistical Institute of Jamaica (STATIN)}}
				
	

}

@book{b31,
	
	
		,
	title={{Demographic statistics}}
		
			,
	year={2012. 2013}
		
	
	,
	note={Kingston: STATIN}

}

@book{b32,
	
	
		,
	title={{World Health Organization. Global status report on noncommunicable diseases}}
		
			,
	year={2011}
			,
	publisher={WHO}
			,
	address={Geneva, Switzerland}
		
	

}

@book{b33,
	
	
		,
	title={{World Health Organization. The global burden of disease: 2004 update}}
		
			,
	year={2008}
			,
	publisher={WHO}
			,
	address={Geneva, Switzerland}
		
	

}

@book{b34,
	
	
		,
	title={{Health Issues in the Caribbean}}
		,
	author={{
			PMcneil
		}}
		,
	editor={Morgan O}
		
			,
	year={2005}
			,
	publisher={Ian Randle Publishers}
			
			,
	address={Kingston}
		
	
	,
	note={Coping with teenage pregnancy}

}

@book{b35,
	
	
		,
	title={{Issues affecting reproductive health in the Caribbean}}
		,
	author={{
			SWynter
		} and {
			VDacosta
		} and {
			HWynter
		}}
		
		
		,
	editor={Morgan O}
		
			,
	year={2005}
			,
	publisher={Ian Randle Publishers}
			
			,
	address={Kingston}
		
	
	,
	note={Health Issues in the Caribbean}

}

@book{b36,
	
	
		,
	title={{HIV/AIDs: The rude awakening/stemming the Tide}}
		,
	author={{
			BBain
		}}
		,
	editor={Morgan O}
		
			,
	year={2005}
			,
	publisher={Ian Randle Publishers}
			
			,
	address={Kingston}
		
	
	,
	note={Health Issues in the Caribbean}

}

@book{b37,
	
	
		,
	title={{They cry 'respect': Urban violence and poverty in Jamaica. Kingston: Centre for Population, Community and Social Change, Department of Sociology and Social Work, the University of the West Indies}}
		,
	author={{
			HLevy
		}}
		
			,
	year={1996}
			,
	address={Mona}
		
	

}

@book{b38,
	
	
		,
	title={{Understanding Crime in Jamaica}}
		,
	author={{
			AHarriott
		}}
		
			,
	year={2003}
			,
	publisher={University of the West Indies Press}
			,
	address={Kingston, Jamaica}
		
	

}

@book{b39,
	
	
		,
	title={{Substance use: Health consequences}}
		,
	author={{
			WAbel
		}}
		,
	editor={Morgan O}
		
			,
	year={2005}
			,
	publisher={Ian Randle Publishers}
			
			,
	address={Kingston}
		
	
	,
	note={Health Issues in the Caribbean}

}

@incollection{b40,
	
	
		,
	title={{}}
	
	
		,
	journal={{World Health Assembly. Youth and Health Risks. World Health Organization}}
		
			64
			28
			
			,
	year={2011}
		
	

}

@incollection{b41,
	
	
		,
	title={{A crosssectional study of Jamaican adolescents' risk for type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular diseases}}
		,
	author={{
			SCBarrett
		} and {
			FGHuffman
		} and {
			PJohnson
		}}
		
		
	
	
		,
	journal={{BMJ Open}}
		
			3
			e002817
			,
	year={2013}
		
	

}

@incollection{b42,
	
	
		,
	title={{Demographic shifts in health conditions of adolescents 10-19 years}}
		,
	author={{
			PBourne
		}}
	
	
		,
	journal={{North Am J Med Sci}}
		
			1
			
			,
	year={2002 and 2007. 2009}
		
	
	,
	note={Using crosssectional data for}

}

@incollection{b43,
	
	
		,
	title={{Noncommunicable diseases and youth: A critical window of opportunity for Latin America and the Caribbean}}
		,
	author={{
			WBaldwin
		} and {
			TKaneda
		} and {
			LAmato
		} and {
			LNolan
		}}
		
		
		
	
	
		,
	booktitle={{The Population Reference Bureau}}
				Washington
		
			,
	year={2013}
		
	

}

@incollection{b44,
	
	
		,
	title={{Caribbean Wellness Day: mobilizing a region for chronic noncommunicable disease prevention and control}}
		,
	author={{
			TASamuels
		} and {
			HFraser
		}}
		
	
	
		,
	journal={{Rev Panam Salud Publica}}
		
			28
			
			,
	year={2010}
		
	

}

@incollection{b45,
	
	
		,
	title={{Decomposing Mortality Rates and Examining Health Status of the Elderly in Jamaica. The Open Geriatric}}
		,
	author={{
			PABourne
		} and {
			DAMcgrowder
		} and {
			TVCrawford
		}}
		
		
	
	
		,
	journal={{Medicine Journal}}
		
			2
			
			,
	year={2009}
		
	

}

@incollection{b46,
	
	
		,
	title={{Chronic disease in the Caribbean: strategies to respond to the public health challenge in the region.What can we learn from Jamaica's experience?}}
		,
	author={{
			TSFerguson
		} and {
			MKTulloch-Reid
		} and {
			CACunningham-Myrie
		} and {
			TDavidson-Sadler
		} and {
			SCopeland
		} and {
			ELewis-Fuller
		} and {
			RJWilks
		}}
		
		
		
		
		
		
	
	
		,
	journal={{West Indian Med J}}
		
			60
			
			,
	year={2011}
		
	

}

@book{b47,
	
	
		,
	title={{Preventable lifestyle risk factors for non-communicable diseases in the Pakistan Adolescents}}
		,
	author={{
			AKKhuwaja
		} and {
			SKhawaja
		} and {
			KMotwani
		} and {
			AAKhoja
		} and {
			ISAzam
		} and {
			ZFatmi
		} and {
			BSAli
		} and {
			MMKadir
		}}
		
		
		
		
		
		
		
		
			1
		
	
	,
	note={PASS-}

}

@book{b48,
	
	
		,
	title={{World Health Organization. The world health report 2002: Reducing risks, promoting healthy life. Geneva: World Health Organization}}
		
		
			,
	year={2002. January 2014}
			22
		
	

}

@book{b49,
	
	
		,
	title={{A Race Against Time. The Challenge of Cardiovascular Disease in Developing Countries. The Centre for Global Health and Economic Development}}
		,
	author={{
			SLeeder
		} and {
			SRaymond
		} and {
			HGreenberg
		} and {
			HLiu
		} and {
			KEsson
		}}
		
		
		
		
		
			,
	year={2004}
		
	

}

@incollection{b50,
	
	
		,
	title={{Epigenetics and early life origins of chronic noncommunicable diseases}}
		,
	author={{
			GWang
		} and {
			SOWalker
		} and {
			XHong
		} and {
			TRBartell
		} and {
			XWang
		}}
		
		
		
		
	
	
		,
	journal={{Journal of Adolescent Health}}
		
			52
			
		
	

}

@incollection{b51,
	
	
		,
	title={{Effect of in utero and early-life conditions on adult health and disease}}
		,
	author={{
			PDGluckman
		} and {
			MAHanson
		} and {
			CCooper
		} and {
			KLThornburg
		}}
		
		
		
	
	
		,
	journal={{N Engl J Med}}
		
			359
			
			,
	year={2008}
		
	

}

@incollection{b52,
	
	
		,
	title={{Fetal programming and adult health}}
		,
	author={{
			KMGodfrey
		} and {
			DJBarker
		}}
		
	
	
		,
	journal={{Public Health Nutr}}
		
			4
			
			,
	year={2001}
		
	

}

@incollection{b53,
	
	
		,
	title={{Obesity in young men after faming exposure in utero and early infancy}}
		,
	author={{
			GPRavelli
		} and {
			ZAStein
		} and {
			MWSusser
		}}
		
		
	
	
		,
	journal={{N Engl J Med}}
		
			296
			
			,
	year={1976}
		
	

}

@incollection{b54,
	
	
		,
	title={{Deathrates in Great Britian and Sweden: Expression of specific mortality rates as products of two factors, and some consequences thereof}}
		,
	author={{
			WOKermack
		} and {
			AGMckendrick
		} and {
			PLMckinlay
		}}
		
		
	
	
		,
	journal={{J Hyp (Lond)}}
		
			34
			
			,
	year={1934}
		
	

}

@incollection{b55,
	
	
		,
	title={{Chronic illness and poverty in the Netherlands}}
		,
	author={{
			HmeVan Agt
		} and {
			KStronks
		} and {
			JPMackenbach
		}}
		
		
	
	
		,
	journal={{Eur J of Public Health}}
		
			10
			
			,
	year={2000}
		
	

}

@incollection{b56,
	
	
		,
	title={{Impact of poverty, not seeking medical care, unemployment, inflation, self-reported illness, health insurance on mortality in Jamaica}}
		,
	author={{
			PABourne
		}}
	
	
		,
	journal={{North Am J Med Sci}}
		
			1
			
			,
	year={2009}
		
	

}

@incollection{b57,
	
	
		,
	title={{Cardiovascular Risk Factors in an Eastern Caribbean Island: Prevalence of Noncommunicable Chronic Diseases and Associated Lifestyle Risk Factors for Cardiovascular Morbidity and Mortality in the British Virgin Islands}}
		,
	author={{
			JJames
		} and {
			AKSoyibo
		} and {
			LHurlock
		} and {
			GGordon-Strachan
		} and {
			ENBarton
		}}
		
		
		
		
	
	
		,
	journal={{West Indian Med J}}
		
			61
			4
			
			,
	year={2012}
		
	

}

@incollection{b58,
	
	
		,
	title={{Cigarette smoking and incident chronic kidney disease: A systematic review}}
		,
	author={{
			CJones-Burton
		} and {
			SLSeliger
		} and {
			RWScherer
		} and {
			SIMishra
		} and {
			GVessal
		} and {
			JBrown
		}}
		
		
		
		
		
	
	
		,
	journal={{American Journal of Nephrology}}
		
			27
			
			,
	year={2007}
		
	

}

@incollection{b59,
	
	
		,
	title={{Emerging epidemic of type 2 diabetes in youth}}
		,
	author={{
			RosenbloomAl
		} and {
			JRJoe
		} and {
			RSYoung
		}}
		
		
	
	
		,
	journal={{Diabetes Care}}
		
			22
			
			,
	year={1999}
		
	

}

@incollection{b60,
	
	
		,
	title={{The care of children and adolescents with type 2 diabetes}}
		,
	author={{
			HMcknight-Menci
		} and {
			SSababu
		} and {
			SDKelly
		}}
		
		
	
	
		,
	journal={{J Pediatr Nurs}}
		
			20
			
			,
	year={2005}
		
	

}

@incollection{b61,
	
	
		,
	title={{Prevalence of high body mass index in US children and adolescents}}
		,
	author={{
			CLOgden
		} and {
			MDCarroll
		} and {
			LRCurtin
		}}
		
		
	
	
		,
	journal={{JAMA}}
		
			303
			
			,
	year={2007-2008. 2010}
		
	

}

@incollection{b62,
	
	
		,
	title={{Chronic non-communicable diseases and their impact on women}}
		,
	author={{
			KHagley
		}}
	
	
		,
	journal={{West Indian Med J}}
		
			39
			
			,
	year={1990}
		
	

}

@book{b63,
	
	
		,
	title={{Chronic noncommunicable diseases in Cameroon -burden}}
		,
	author={{
			JBEchouffo-Tcheugui
		} and {
			AKengne
		}}
		
		
	

}