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\def\makelabel##1{\upshape ##1}}% } {\end{list}\end{raggedright}} \newenvironment{specHead}[2]% {\vspace{20pt}\hrule\vspace{10pt}% \phantomsection\label{#1}\markright{#2}% \pdfbookmark[2]{#2}{#1}% \hspace{-0.75in}{\bfseries\fontsize{16pt}{18pt}\selectfont#2}% }{} \def\TheFullDate{2014-01-15 (revised: 15 January 2014)} \def\TheID{\makeatother } \def\TheDate{2014-01-15} \title{Effect of High Energy and High Protein Diets on Zinc and Copper Metabolism in Goats} \author{}\makeatletter \makeatletter \newcommand*{\cleartoleftpage}{% \clearpage \if@twoside \ifodd\c@page \hbox{}\newpage \if@twocolumn \hbox{}\newpage \fi \fi \fi } \makeatother \makeatletter \thispagestyle{empty} \markright{\@title}\markboth{\@title}{\@author} \renewcommand\small{\@setfontsize\small{9pt}{11pt}\abovedisplayskip 8.5\p@ plus3\p@ minus4\p@ \belowdisplayskip \abovedisplayskip \abovedisplayshortskip \z@ plus2\p@ \belowdisplayshortskip 4\p@ plus2\p@ minus2\p@ \def\@listi{\leftmargin\leftmargini \topsep 2\p@ plus1\p@ minus1\p@ \parsep 2\p@ plus\p@ minus\p@ \itemsep 1pt} } \makeatother \fvset{frame=single,numberblanklines=false,xleftmargin=5mm,xrightmargin=5mm} \fancyhf{} \setlength{\headheight}{14pt} \fancyhead[LE]{\bfseries\leftmark} \fancyhead[RO]{\bfseries\rightmark} \fancyfoot[RO]{} \fancyfoot[CO]{\thepage} \fancyfoot[LO]{\TheID} \fancyfoot[LE]{} \fancyfoot[CE]{\thepage} \fancyfoot[RE]{\TheID} \hypersetup{citebordercolor=0.75 0.75 0.75,linkbordercolor=0.75 0.75 0.75,urlbordercolor=0.75 0.75 0.75,bookmarksnumbered=true} \fancypagestyle{plain}{\fancyhead{}\renewcommand{\headrulewidth}{0pt}} \date{} \usepackage{authblk} \providecommand{\keywords}[1] { \footnotesize \textbf{\textit{Index terms---}} #1 } \usepackage{graphicx,xcolor} \definecolor{GJBlue}{HTML}{273B81} \definecolor{GJLightBlue}{HTML}{0A9DD9} \definecolor{GJMediumGrey}{HTML}{6D6E70} \definecolor{GJLightGrey}{HTML}{929497} \renewenvironment{abstract}{% \setlength{\parindent}{0pt}\raggedright \textcolor{GJMediumGrey}{\rule{\textwidth}{2pt}} \vskip16pt \textcolor{GJBlue}{\large\bfseries\abstractname\space} }{% \vskip8pt \textcolor{GJMediumGrey}{\rule{\textwidth}{2pt}} \vskip16pt } \usepackage[absolute,overlay]{textpos} \makeatother \usepackage{lineno} \linenumbers \begin{document} \author[1]{Abdel Baset Ahmed} \renewcommand\Authands{ and } \date{\small \em Received: 14 December 2013 Accepted: 2 January 2014 Published: 15 January 2014} \maketitle \begin{abstract} The effect of different levels of energy and protein on the utilization of zinc and copper were evaluated in four metabolic experiments. A total of nine growing castrated male balady kids having nearly the same age (8-9 months) and body weight (15-18kg) were experimented on. Kids were housed individually in metabolism cages in order to collect feces and urine. Four experiments, 3 trials per each were done on the same animals, with about 10 days as a rest period between one experiment and another, in which the animals were fed on control ration during the interval. The nine kids were randomly divided into 3 groups (A, B and C), 3 kids per each. The first group (A) was fed the control ration and used as control, while the other two groups (B and C) were fed the tested rations which furnished 15% more or less DE and CP than the control. Feeding the high energy ration increased the apparent absorption and retention of copper and decreased the apparent retention of zinc, while feeding low energy ration decreased the apparent absorption and retention of zinc and copper. Feeding the high protein ration decreased the apparent absorption and retention of copper, while low protein ration increased the absorption and retention of zinc and copper. Feeding the high energy-high protein ration increased the apparent absorption of zinc but decreased the apparent absorption of copper. On the other hand, low energy-low protein ration decreased the absorption and retention of zinc but increased the absorption and retention of copper. \end{abstract} \keywords{energy, protein, zinc, copper, metabolism, goats.} \begin{textblock*}{18cm}(1cm,1cm) % {block width} (coords) \textcolor{GJBlue}{\LARGE Global Journals \LaTeX\ JournalKaleidoscope\texttrademark} \end{textblock*} \begin{textblock*}{18cm}(1.4cm,1.5cm) % {block width} (coords) \textcolor{GJBlue}{\footnotesize \\ Artificial Intelligence formulated this projection for compatibility purposes from the original article published at Global Journals. However, this technology is currently in beta. \emph{Therefore, kindly ignore odd layouts, missed formulae, text, tables, or figures.}} \end{textblock*} \let\tabcellsep& \section[{Introduction}]{Introduction}\par here is no doubt that considerable increase in animal production can be achieved with improved nutrition and management practices under different production systems of management \hyperref[b0]{1} . Efficient utilization of nutrients depends on an adequate supply of energy, which of paramount importance in determining the productivity. In goats, energy deficiency retards kids growth, delays puberty, reduces fertility \hyperref[b1]{2} . With continued energy deficiency, the animals show a concurrent reduction in resistance to infectious diseases and parasites. The problem may be further complicated by deficiencies of protein, minerals and vitamins. Energy limitation may result from inadequate feed intake. Low energy intake that result from either feed restriction or low diet component digestibility prevent goats from meeting their requirements and from attaining their genetic potential. Goats are more active and travel greater distances than sheep, which increases energy requirements, high water content of forages may also become a limiting factor \hyperref[b2]{3} . Protein deficiencies in the diet deplete stores in the blood, liver and muscles and predispose animal to a variety of serious and even fatal aliments. The further protein deficiency reduces rumen function and lower the efficiency of feed utilization \hyperref[b1]{2} . Mineral requirements for animals is affected by many aspects, such as nature and level of production, age, level and chemical form of elements, breed and animal adaptation \hyperref[b3]{4} . The bioavailability of trace-elements to animals can be affected by a variety of dietary components, one of these components is protein \hyperref[b4]{5} .\par Copper deficiency is a serious problem for grazing ruminant in many countries of the world due to both low concentration of the element in the forage as well as to elevated amount of molybdenum and sulfur which interfere with copper utilization \hyperref[b5]{6} . The present study was carried out to investigate the effect of different levels of energy and protein on the metabolism of zinc and copper. \section[{II.}]{II.} \section[{Materials and Methods}]{Materials and Methods} \section[{a) Animals and housing}]{a) Animals and housing}\par A total number of nine growing castrated male balady kids to be nearly of the same age (8-9 months) and body weight (15-18 kg) were used in this study. Each kid was kept in an individual metabolic cage allowing the collection of feces and urine separately. A weighed daily ration was offered to each animal in its respective feed trough and tap water freely available. \section[{b) Rations and Feeding}]{b) Rations and Feeding}\par This study was carried out in four experiments, each experiment had 3 trials and each trial durated 30 days. Before starting the experiments, the kids were fed a balanced ration (control ration) for three weeks in order to accustom the animals on the ration and to assume the repletion of body mineral store. The control ration was formulated to contain the recommended levels of digestible energy (DE) 2.94 Mcal/kg, crude protein (CP) 9.51\%, zinc 63.55 ppm and copper 16.72 ppm according to the NRC3 for goats. The preliminary period was extended for 21 days, while the collection period was extend for 8 days. During the collection period, the daily fecal matter excreted and the daily amount of urine were separately collected, measured, sampled and prepared for further chemical analysis. A G fixed weight of the ration was offered to each animal and the daily feed intake was calculated. The experiments were carried on the same groups and separated by a rest period of 10 days, during which the kids were fed on control ration. Nine test rations varying in their energy and protein levels were fed to the kids during the metabolism study as shown in the design in Table \hyperref[tab_0]{1}. The nine kids were randomly divided into 3 groups (A, B and C), 3 kids per each. The first group (A) was fed the control ration and used as control, while the other two groups (B and C) were fed the tested rations which furnished 15\% more or less DE and CP than the control. The physical and chemical composition of the nine tested rations and energy values (DE) were shown in Tables \hyperref[tab_3]{3 and 4}, while Table \hyperref[tab_1]{2} shows the chemical composition and energy value of the ingredients used in formulating of the experimental rations. The total amount of the daily fecal matter excreted per animal was collected daily at 8.00am before feeding. The freshly collected fecal matter of each animal was weighed, recorded, mixed thoroughly and then representative sample (10\%) was taken and dried in hot air oven at 60C for about 24h. The dried fecal samples from each animal were thoroughly mixed finely ground and stored at room temperature for further chemical analysis. \section[{d) Urine samples}]{d) Urine samples}\par The daily urine excreted by the kids was collected at 8.00am and measured in graduated cylinder to record its volume. The collected amount from each animal was then thoroughly mixed and two representative samples, 100ml each was taken and acidified with 2ml of concentrated hydrochloric acid, then kept in refrigerator at 4°C for further chemical analysis. \section[{e) Metabolism trials}]{e) Metabolism trials}\par In the simple form of the balance technique, the intake of the element under study is compared with the fecal output from the animal's body and the difference is assumed to be absorbed by the animal (apparent absorption) which may then be expressed as a percentage of the dietary intake or in g or mg/head/day. \section[{Intake -fecal excretion}]{Intake -fecal excretion}\par Apparent absorption = -------------------------------------× 100 Intake Intake -(fecal excretion + urinary excretion) Apparent retention = - {\ref --------------------------------------------------------------×} 100 Intake (Ammerman et al) \hyperref[b5]{6} f) Minerals determination in feces and urine Duplicate samples of 1gm feces and 10ml of urine were ashed with 20ml acid mixture (2 parts concentrated nitric acid + 1 part concentrated perchloric acid) and then digested on hot plate for 1.5-2h until the color become clear and volume reduced to the minimum. The ashed samples were diluted with bidistilled water in clean dry tightly closed glass bottles 100ml capacity and then stored for subsequent minerals determination. The zinc and copper in the prepared samples of fecal matter were measured in ppm and of urine in mg/L by atomic absorption/flame emission spectrophotometer using an air-acetylene flame and hallow cathode lamp after method described by Slavin \hyperref[b7]{8} . \section[{III.}]{III.} \section[{Results and Discussion}]{Results and Discussion}\par The metabolic balances of zinc and copper in the four experiments are presented in Tables \hyperref[tab_5]{5 and 6}. \section[{Experiment I}]{Experiment I}\par Kids group fed high protein showed slight increase in the amount of zinc intake and in the excreted zinc in both feces and urine compared with control. The increased urinary Zn excretion by high protein diet was similar to the findings of Greger and Snedeker 5 who reported that high protein diet increased urinary zinc excretion and attributed that to a greater amount of histidine and cystine in the high protein ration. The apparent absorption and retention of Zn were increased when dietary protein levels increased as reported by Gawthorne et al \hyperref[b8]{9} . Feeding high or low protein rations increased the amount of Cu intake, Cu excretion in feces and urine compared to control. The apparent Cu absorption and retention percentages were decreased in kids group fed the NEHP ration, while increased in group fed on NELP ration compared with control. The increase dietary crude protein is responsible for the formation of insoluble copper sulfide during rumen fermentation resulting in lower solubility and absorption of Cu \hyperref[b9]{10,}\hyperref[b10]{11} .\par Experiment II High energy-high protein ration slightly increased the amount of Zn intake, fecal and urinary Zn excretion than control one. The increase of fecal Zn excretion in kids fed HEHP ration may be due to high Zn intake as reported by McDowell12 who reported that the fecal endogenous Zn increases with the increased Zn intake. The apparent Zn absorption was increased in HENP \& HEHP rations, while the apparent retention was decreased in kids group fed HENP. Feeding high energy ration decreased the amount of Cu intake, fecal and urinary Cu excretion compared to control. The apparent absorption and retention of Cu were slightly increased in kids group fed HENP ration. \section[{Experiment III}]{Experiment III}\par Feeding the HELP ration was decreased the amount of Zn intake, zinc excreted in feces and urine compared to control one. The apparent Zn absorption and retention were increased in group fed HELP ration, while decreased in group fed LENP. The decrease in absorption percentage in low energy ration may be due to high zinc intake \hyperref[b12]{13} . Feeding low energy ration increased the amount of Cu intake, fecal and urinary excretion compared to HELP and control one. The apparent absorption and retention of Cu were decreased in kids group fed LENP ration. \section[{Experiment IV}]{Experiment IV}\par Kids fed the LEHP and LELP rations showed a slight increased in the amounts of Zn intake, Zn excreted in both feces and urine compared to control. The apparent absorption and retention of Zn were decreased in kids group fed the LEHP and LELP rations compared to control. On this respect, many authors reported that, the apparent Zn absorption and retention were increased when dietary protein levels were increased 9. Kids fed on LEHP ration recorded the highest amount of Cu intake and excretion in feces and urine compared to LELP and control one. The apparent absorption and retention were decreased in kids group fed the LEHP compared to the control one. These findings were in accordance with that found by Ward 10 and Ivans and Veira11 who found that the increase in dietary CP resulting in lower solubility and absorption of Cu in sheep. The summarized effect of energy and protein levels revealed that feeding HENP ration increased the apparent absorption and retention of Cu, while the \begin{figure}[htbp] \noindent\textbf{}\includegraphics[]{image-2.png} \caption{\label{fig_0}T}\end{figure} \begin{figure}[htbp] \noindent\textbf{1} \par \begin{longtable}{P{0.059765624999999996\textwidth}P{0.0564453125\textwidth}P{0.1427734375\textwidth}P{0.159375\textwidth}P{0.1693359375\textwidth}P{0.26230468749999997\textwidth}} Experiment\tabcellsep Trial\tabcellsep \multicolumn{3}{l}{Group DE (Mcal/kg diet) CP (\%)}\tabcellsep Ration\\ \tabcellsep 1\tabcellsep A\tabcellsep 2.94\tabcellsep 9.51\tabcellsep 1 NENP*\\ I\tabcellsep 2\tabcellsep B\tabcellsep 2.96\tabcellsep 10.79\tabcellsep 2 NEHP\\ \tabcellsep 3\tabcellsep C\tabcellsep 2.93\tabcellsep 8.08\tabcellsep 3 NELP\\ \tabcellsep 1\tabcellsep A\tabcellsep 2.94\tabcellsep 9.51\tabcellsep 1 NENP\\ II\tabcellsep 2\tabcellsep B\tabcellsep 3.39\tabcellsep 9.54\tabcellsep 4 HENP\\ \tabcellsep 3\tabcellsep C\tabcellsep 3.40\tabcellsep 11.00\tabcellsep 5 HEHP\\ \tabcellsep 1\tabcellsep A\tabcellsep 2.94\tabcellsep 9.51\tabcellsep 1 NENP\\ III\tabcellsep 2\tabcellsep B\tabcellsep 3.37\tabcellsep 8.14\tabcellsep 6 HELP\\ \tabcellsep 3\tabcellsep C\tabcellsep 2.53\tabcellsep 9.59\tabcellsep 7 LENP\\ \tabcellsep 1\tabcellsep A\tabcellsep 2.94\tabcellsep 9.51\tabcellsep 1 NENP\\ IV\tabcellsep 2\tabcellsep B\tabcellsep 2.58\tabcellsep 10.80\tabcellsep 8 LEHP\\ \tabcellsep 3\tabcellsep C\tabcellsep 2.51\tabcellsep 8.06\tabcellsep 9 LELP\end{longtable} \par {\small\itshape [Note: *NE=normal energy, HE=High energy, LE=Low energy, NP=normal protein, HP=high protein, LP=low protein]} \caption{\label{tab_0}Table 1 :}\end{figure} \begin{figure}[htbp] \noindent\textbf{2} \par \begin{longtable}{P{0.1880184331797235\textwidth}P{0.07638248847926267\textwidth}P{0.06071428571428571\textwidth}P{0.047004608294930875\textwidth}P{0.10184331797235022\textwidth}P{0.05092165898617511\textwidth}P{0.06267281105990784\textwidth}P{0.07442396313364055\textwidth}P{0.06267281105990784\textwidth}P{0.05679723502304147\textwidth}P{0.06854838709677419\textwidth}} Ingredient\tabcellsep DM\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \multicolumn{4}{l}{Chemical composition}\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep DE\\ \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep ( \% )\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{( ppm )}\tabcellsep (Mcal/kg)\\ \tabcellsep \tabcellsep OM\tabcellsep CP\tabcellsep EE\tabcellsep CF\tabcellsep NFE\tabcellsep Ash\tabcellsep Cu\tabcellsep Zinc\tabcellsep \\ Yellow corn\tabcellsep 89.7\tabcellsep 97.88\tabcellsep 9.6\tabcellsep 4.16\tabcellsep 2.77\tabcellsep 81.35\tabcellsep 2.12\tabcellsep 3.5\tabcellsep 12.8\tabcellsep 3.84\\ Soybean meal\tabcellsep 91.3\tabcellsep 93.09\tabcellsep 47.0\tabcellsep 5.47\tabcellsep 7.44\tabcellsep 33.18\tabcellsep 6.91\tabcellsep 22.8\tabcellsep 42.9\tabcellsep 3.88\\ CSM\tabcellsep 92.5\tabcellsep 95.40\tabcellsep 27.0\tabcellsep 6.40\tabcellsep 24.5\tabcellsep 37.50\tabcellsep 4.60\tabcellsep 19.9\tabcellsep 62.2\tabcellsep 2.65\\ Wheat bran\tabcellsep 90.65\tabcellsep 93.00\tabcellsep 15.6\tabcellsep 4.70\tabcellsep 8.37\tabcellsep 64.33\tabcellsep 7.00\tabcellsep 12.7\tabcellsep 113.7\tabcellsep 3.09\\ Wheat straw\tabcellsep 90.0\tabcellsep 86.70\tabcellsep 3.5\tabcellsep 1.66\tabcellsep 38.0\tabcellsep 43.54\tabcellsep 13.30\tabcellsep 3.2\tabcellsep 5.6\tabcellsep 1.94\\ Limestone\tabcellsep 98.0\tabcellsep -\tabcellsep -\tabcellsep -\tabcellsep -\tabcellsep -\tabcellsep 100\tabcellsep -\tabcellsep -\tabcellsep -\\ Common salt\tabcellsep 98.0\tabcellsep -\tabcellsep -\tabcellsep -\tabcellsep -\tabcellsep -\tabcellsep 98.00\tabcellsep -\tabcellsep -\tabcellsep -\\ Mineral mixture\tabcellsep 98.0\tabcellsep -\tabcellsep -\tabcellsep -\tabcellsep -\tabcellsep -\tabcellsep 98.00\tabcellsep 10\tabcellsep 40\tabcellsep -\\ AD3E\tabcellsep 98.0\tabcellsep -\tabcellsep -\tabcellsep -\tabcellsep -\tabcellsep -\tabcellsep -\tabcellsep -\tabcellsep -\tabcellsep -\end{longtable} \par \caption{\label{tab_1}Table 2 :}\end{figure} \begin{figure}[htbp] \noindent\textbf{3} \par \begin{longtable}{P{0.85\textwidth}} Ingredients\end{longtable} \par \caption{\label{tab_2}Table 3 :}\end{figure} \begin{figure}[htbp] \noindent\textbf{4} \par \begin{longtable}{P{0.050746268656716415\textwidth}P{0.07453358208955224\textwidth}P{0.07453358208955224\textwidth}P{0.0650186567164179\textwidth}P{0.12369402985074626\textwidth}P{0.08087686567164179\textwidth}P{0.07611940298507462\textwidth}P{0.0666044776119403\textwidth}P{0.08563432835820896\textwidth}P{0.07770522388059702\textwidth}P{0.07453358208955224\textwidth}} \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \multicolumn{3}{l}{experimental rations}\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\ Rations\tabcellsep DM\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \multicolumn{4}{l}{Chemical composition}\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep DE\\ \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep ( \% )\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{( ppm )}\tabcellsep (Mcal/kg)\\ \tabcellsep \tabcellsep OM\tabcellsep CP\tabcellsep EE\tabcellsep CF\tabcellsep NFE\tabcellsep Ash\tabcellsep Cu\tabcellsep Zinc\tabcellsep \\ 1\tabcellsep 90.14\tabcellsep 91.41\tabcellsep 9.51\tabcellsep 3.22\tabcellsep 17.92\tabcellsep 60.76\tabcellsep 8.59\tabcellsep 16.72\tabcellsep 63.55\tabcellsep 2.94\\ 2\tabcellsep 90.14\tabcellsep 91.19\tabcellsep 10.79\tabcellsep 3.19\tabcellsep 18.36\tabcellsep 58.85\tabcellsep 8.81\tabcellsep 17.23\tabcellsep 61.72\tabcellsep 2.96\\ 3\tabcellsep 90.07\tabcellsep 91.48\tabcellsep 8.08\tabcellsep 3.11\tabcellsep 18.33\tabcellsep 61.96\tabcellsep 8.52\tabcellsep 15.79\tabcellsep 59.07\tabcellsep 2.93\\ 4\tabcellsep 90.01\tabcellsep 94.08\tabcellsep 9.53\tabcellsep 3.71\tabcellsep 9.83\tabcellsep 71.01\tabcellsep 5.92\tabcellsep 15.88\tabcellsep 60.98\tabcellsep 3.39\\ 5\tabcellsep 90.03\tabcellsep 93.79\tabcellsep 11.00\tabcellsep 3.70\tabcellsep 9.98\tabcellsep 69.11\tabcellsep 6.21\tabcellsep 16.57\tabcellsep 61.47\tabcellsep 3.40\\ 6\tabcellsep 89.91\tabcellsep 93.99\tabcellsep 8.14\tabcellsep 3.55\tabcellsep 10.24\tabcellsep 72.06\tabcellsep 6.01\tabcellsep 14.88\tabcellsep 56.80\tabcellsep 3.37\\ 7\tabcellsep 90.27\tabcellsep 88.91\tabcellsep 9.59\tabcellsep 2.76\tabcellsep 25.77\tabcellsep 50.79\tabcellsep 11.09\tabcellsep 17.68\tabcellsep 67.26\tabcellsep 2.53\\ 8\tabcellsep 90.34\tabcellsep 89.27\tabcellsep 10.80\tabcellsep 2.91\tabcellsep 25.23\tabcellsep 50.33\tabcellsep 10.73\tabcellsep 18.25\tabcellsep 65.30\tabcellsep 2.58\\ 9\tabcellsep 90.25\tabcellsep 89.11\tabcellsep 8.06\tabcellsep 2.74\tabcellsep 25.98\tabcellsep 52.33\tabcellsep 10.89\tabcellsep 16.86\tabcellsep 63.97\tabcellsep 2.51\\ c) Fecal samples\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \end{longtable} \par \caption{\label{tab_3}Table 4 :}\end{figure} \begin{figure}[htbp] \noindent\textbf{5} \par \begin{longtable}{P{0.07122252747252747\textwidth}P{0.056043956043956046\textwidth}P{0.06071428571428571\textwidth}P{0.05254120879120879\textwidth}P{0.056043956043956046\textwidth}P{0.06304945054945055\textwidth}P{0.05954670329670329\textwidth}P{0.05954670329670329\textwidth}P{0.053708791208791205\textwidth}P{0.06421703296703296\textwidth}P{0.09690934065934065\textwidth}P{0.04787087912087912\textwidth}P{0.10858516483516482\textwidth}} \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep Year 2014\\ \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep Volume XIV Issue I Version I\\ \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep D D D D ) G\\ \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep (\\ Item\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{Experiment I}\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{Experiment II}\tabcellsep \multicolumn{3}{l}{Experiment III}\tabcellsep \multicolumn{3}{l}{Experiment IV}\\ \tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{NENP NEHP}\tabcellsep NELP\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{NENP HENP}\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{HEHP NENP}\tabcellsep HELP\tabcellsep \multicolumn{3}{l}{LENP NENP LEHP}\tabcellsep LELP\\ Zn intake\tabcellsep 29.26\tabcellsep 30.08\tabcellsep 29.55\tabcellsep 31.84\tabcellsep 30.47\tabcellsep 32.38\tabcellsep 32.7\tabcellsep 30.61\tabcellsep 35.63\tabcellsep 34.42\tabcellsep 35.53\tabcellsep 35.61\\ Fecal Zn\tabcellsep 17.43\tabcellsep 17.7\tabcellsep 17.41\tabcellsep 18.87\tabcellsep 17.95\tabcellsep 19.00\tabcellsep 19.31\tabcellsep 17.77\tabcellsep 21.09\tabcellsep 20.02\tabcellsep 20.74\tabcellsep 20.80\\ Urinary Zn\tabcellsep 3.00\tabcellsep 3.05\tabcellsep 2.96\tabcellsep 2.94\tabcellsep 2.97\tabcellsep 3.18\tabcellsep 2.84\tabcellsep 2.76\tabcellsep 3.03\tabcellsep 2.90\tabcellsep 2.98\tabcellsep 2.94\\ Absorbed\tabcellsep 11.83\tabcellsep 12.37\tabcellsep 12.14\tabcellsep 12.97\tabcellsep 12.52\tabcellsep 13.38\tabcellsep 13.57\tabcellsep 13.02\tabcellsep 14.54\tabcellsep 14.40\tabcellsep 14.79\tabcellsep 14.81\\ Zn\tabcellsep 8.83\tabcellsep 9.32\tabcellsep 9.18\tabcellsep 10.03\tabcellsep 9.55\tabcellsep 10.20\tabcellsep 10.73\tabcellsep 10.26\tabcellsep 11.51\tabcellsep 11.5\tabcellsep 11.81\tabcellsep 11.87\\ Retained\tabcellsep 30.43\tabcellsep 41.12\tabcellsep 41.08\tabcellsep 40.73\tabcellsep 41.08\tabcellsep 41.32\tabcellsep 41.5\tabcellsep 42.52\tabcellsep 40.81\tabcellsep 41.84\tabcellsep 41.63\tabcellsep 41.59\\ Zn\tabcellsep (100)*\tabcellsep (101.17)\tabcellsep (101.61)\tabcellsep (100)\tabcellsep (100.86)\tabcellsep (101.45)\tabcellsep (100)\tabcellsep (102.46)\tabcellsep (98.34)\tabcellsep (100)\tabcellsep (99.50)\tabcellsep (99.4)\\ Absorption\tabcellsep 30.18\tabcellsep 30.98\tabcellsep 31.07\tabcellsep 31.50\tabcellsep 31.34\tabcellsep 31.50\tabcellsep 32.81\tabcellsep 33.52\tabcellsep 32.30\tabcellsep 33.41\tabcellsep 33.24\tabcellsep 33.33\\ \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \multicolumn{3}{l}{© 2014 Global Journals Inc. (US)}\end{longtable} \par \caption{\label{tab_4}Table 5 :}\end{figure} \begin{figure}[htbp] \noindent\textbf{6} \par \begin{longtable}{P{0.1503931847968545\textwidth}P{0.05681520314547837\textwidth}P{0.06127129750982961\textwidth}P{0.054587155963302755\textwidth}P{0.054587155963302755\textwidth}P{0.06572739187418086\textwidth}P{0.0601572739187418\textwidth}P{0.0601572739187418\textwidth}P{0.054587155963302755\textwidth}P{0.06572739187418086\textwidth}P{0.04456094364351245\textwidth}P{0.06461336828309305\textwidth}P{0.05681520314547837\textwidth}} Item\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{Experiment I}\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{Experiment II}\tabcellsep \multicolumn{3}{l}{Experiment III}\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{Experiment IV}\\ \tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{NENP NEHP}\tabcellsep NELP\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{NENP HENP}\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{HEHP NENP}\tabcellsep HELP\tabcellsep \multicolumn{3}{l}{LENP NENP LEHP}\tabcellsep LELP\\ Cu intake\tabcellsep 8.54\tabcellsep 9.32\tabcellsep 8.77\tabcellsep 9.29\tabcellsep 8.81\tabcellsep 9.70\tabcellsep 9.54\tabcellsep 8.92\tabcellsep 10.37\tabcellsep 10.05\tabcellsep 10.99\tabcellsep 10.40\\ Fecal Cu\tabcellsep 4.24\tabcellsep 4.74\tabcellsep 4.28\tabcellsep 4.66\tabcellsep 4.36\tabcellsep 4.90\tabcellsep 4.73\tabcellsep 4.40\tabcellsep 5.18\tabcellsep 4.99\tabcellsep 5.70\tabcellsep 5.16\\ Urinary Cu\tabcellsep 0.65\tabcellsep 0.79\tabcellsep 0.68\tabcellsep 0.88\tabcellsep 0.79\tabcellsep 0.86\tabcellsep 0.82\tabcellsep 0.83\tabcellsep 0.87\tabcellsep 0.95\tabcellsep 1.09\tabcellsep 0.93\\ Absorbed\tabcellsep 4.30\tabcellsep 4.58\tabcellsep 4.49\tabcellsep 4.63\tabcellsep 4.45\tabcellsep 4.80\tabcellsep 4.81\tabcellsep 4.52\tabcellsep 5.19\tabcellsep 5.06\tabcellsep 5.29\tabcellsep 5.24\\ Cu\tabcellsep 3.65\tabcellsep 3.79\tabcellsep 3.81\tabcellsep 3.75\tabcellsep 3.66\tabcellsep 3.94\tabcellsep 3.99\tabcellsep 3.69\tabcellsep 4.30\tabcellsep 4.11\tabcellsep 4.20\tabcellsep 4.31\\ Retained\tabcellsep 50.35\tabcellsep 49.14\tabcellsep 51.20\tabcellsep 49.84\tabcellsep 50.51\tabcellsep 49.48\tabcellsep 50.42\tabcellsep 50.67\tabcellsep 50.05\tabcellsep 50.35\tabcellsep 48.13\tabcellsep 50.38\\ Cu\tabcellsep (100)*\tabcellsep (97.6)\tabcellsep (101.69)\tabcellsep (100)\tabcellsep (101.34)\tabcellsep (99.28)\tabcellsep (100)\tabcellsep (100.50)\tabcellsep (99.27)\tabcellsep (100)\tabcellsep (95.59)\tabcellsep (100.06)\\ Absorption\tabcellsep 42.74\tabcellsep 40.66\tabcellsep 43.44\tabcellsep 40.36\tabcellsep 41.54\tabcellsep 40.62\tabcellsep 41.82\tabcellsep 41.37\tabcellsep 41.47\tabcellsep 40.8\tabcellsep 38.22\tabcellsep 41.44\\ \%\tabcellsep (100)*\tabcellsep (95.13)\tabcellsep 101.64)\tabcellsep (100)\tabcellsep (102.92)\tabcellsep (100.64)\tabcellsep (100)\tabcellsep (98.92)\tabcellsep (99.16)\tabcellsep (100)\tabcellsep (93.68)\tabcellsep (101.57)\\ Retention\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\ \%\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\ \multicolumn{7}{l}{Absorbed = intake -fecal Retained = intake -(fecal + urinary)}\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\ \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \end{longtable} \par {\small\itshape [Note: *]} \caption{\label{tab_5}Table 6 :}\end{figure} \footnote{© 2014 Global Journals Inc. (US)} \backmatter \begin{bibitemlist}{1} \bibitem[Slavin ()]{b7}\label{b7} \textit{Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy. Inter-science Publ}, W Slavin . 1968. New York. 25 p. . \bibitem[Ammerman et al. ()]{b5}\label{b5} \textit{Bioavailibilty of nutrients for animals (amino acids, minerals and vitamins)}, C Ammerman , D H Baker , A J Lewis . 1995. San Diego, New York, Boston, London: Academic Press. \bibitem[Greger and Snedeker ()]{b4}\label{b4} ‘Effect of dietary protein and phosphorus levels on the utilization of zinc, copper and manganese by adult males’. J L Greger , S M Snedeker . \textit{J.Nutrition} 1980. 110 p. . \bibitem[Ivan and Veria ()]{b10}\label{b10} ‘Effect of dietary protein on the solubilities of manganese, copper, zinc and iron in the rumen and abomasums of sheep’. M Ivan , D M Veria . \textit{Can J. Anim. Sci} 1981. 61 p. . \bibitem[Singh and Sengar ()]{b1}\label{b1} ‘Investigation on milk and meat potentialities of Indian goats’. 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