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\title{Post Control Survey on Prevalence of Bovine Trypanosomosis and Vector Distribution in Ameya District, South West Shewa, Ethiopia}
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             \author[1]{Firaol  Tamiru}

             \affil[1]{  Ambo University, Ethiopia}

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\date{\small \em Received: 15 December 2013 Accepted: 31 December 2013 Published: 15 January 2014}

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\begin{abstract}
        


A cross sectional study was conducted from February to June, 2013 to determine prevalence of bovine trypanosomosis and population of tsetse and other biting flies, and to assess effects of integrated control strategy implem - ented in the last five years in Ameya district, South West Shewa, Ethiopia. Both primary and secondary data were used. Structured questionnaire survey was conducted by face to face discussion. Buffy coat technique was used for screening followed by thin smear technique for trypanosome species identification. Baited monopyramidail traps were deployed at a distance of 300m apart for 72 hours to catch flies. The district was identified as one of the areas affected by bovine trypanosomosis and infested by tsetse and other biting flies. Integrated control strategy has been implemented to reduce occurrence of the disease and its vectors. From 436 examined animals, 6 (1.4%) were positive. Two species of trypanosome, Trypanosoma brucei (3/6, 50%) and Trypanosoma congolense (2/6, 33.33%) were identified in a single infection while 16.67% (1/6) mixed infection of both species was obtained. There was no statistical significance difference (p>0.05) in prevalence of the disease among groups of peasant associations and age, and between sex groups. The mean packed cell volume of parasitemic and aparasitemic cattle was similar. A total of 6236 biting flies, including 6133 (98.35%) Stomoxys, 18 (0.29%) Tabanus, 14 (0.22%) Chrysops and 71 (1.14%) Haematopota were captured. However, tsetse fly was not captured. Statistical significance difference was observed in mean catch of Stomoxys and Tabanus (p<0.05) in different peasant associations. In conclusion, application of integrated control strategy undertaken in the district resulted in reduction of disease occurrence and tsetse flies. Thus, continuation of the ongoing integrated control strategy and dissemination of the strategy to neighboring districts to limit re-invasion with tsetse flies were recommended.

\end{abstract}


\keywords{Ameya district, biting flies, bovine trypano - somosis, integrated control strategy, tsetse flies.}

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\let\tabcellsep& 	 	 		 
\section[{Introduction}]{Introduction}\par
ivestock are of enormous importance socially and economically for nutritional and agricultural purposes in Africa  {\ref (Uilenberg, 1990)}. In developing countries, diseases of livestock reduce agricultural output by up to 30\% \hyperref[b4]{(FAO, 1990}). Among animal diseases, presence of trypanosomosis, which is caused by trypanosome and transmitted cyclically by tsetse flies or Author ? ? ? ? : Department of Veterinary Laboratory Technology, College of Agriculture and Veterinary Sciences, Ambo University, Ambo, Ethiopia. e-mail: tfiraol@gmail.com mechanically by biting flies (Maudlin et al., 2004;  Radostits et al., 2007), is a major constraint on agricultural production and has a devastating effect on livestock and man. Tsetse flies are largely responsible for an uneven distribution of cattle in Africa, leading to overgrazing and severe environmental degradation in some areas and preventing the introduction of productive farming and livestock systems in other areas. Tsetse and trypanosomosis are problems that are closely linked with rural poverty, thus, tsetse fly is frequently referred to as the "poverty insect"  {\ref (IAEA, 2003)}. It is also responsible for an annual loss of millions of dollars in livestock production as a result of the cost related to treatment, prevention and vector control efforts \hyperref[b17]{(Samuel et al., 2001)} and death of animals \hyperref[b2]{(Bett et al., 2004)}.\par
Control of the disease can be based on control of the causal agent and its vector, and use of innate resistance of the host to the effects of the infection (  {\ref Uilenberg, 1990)}. There are several methods that may be used to try to reduce trypanosomosis and its effects; a combination of these methods will be used in any campaign carried out on a continental scale \hyperref[b14]{(Pollock, 1982)}. In Ethiopia, several attempts have been made to control the disease with chemotherapy and chemoprophylaxis being the most widely applied methods. Vector targeted control practices have been implemented mainly through specifically designed joint projects of the Ministry of Agriculture and other non-governmental organizations \hyperref[b19]{(Tafese et al., 2012)}. 
\section[{L}]{L}\par
February to June, 2013 to determine prevalence of bovine trypanosomosis and population of tsetse and other biting flies, and to assess effects of integrated control strategy implemented in the last five years in Ameya district, South West Shewa, Ethiopia. Both primary and secondary data were used. Structured questionnaire survey was conducted by face to face discussion. Buffy coat technique was used for screening followed by thin smear technique for trypanosome species identification. Baited monopyramidail traps were deployed at a distance of 300m apart for 72 hours to catch flies. The district was identified as one of the areas affected by bovine trypanosomosis and infested by tsetse and other biting flies. Integrated control strategy has been implemented to reduce occurrence of the disease and its vectors. From 436 examined animals, 6 (1.4\%) were positive. Two species of trypanosome, Trypanosoma brucei (3/6, 50\%) and Trypanosoma congolense (2/6, 33.33\%) were identified in a single infection while 16.67\% (1/6) mixed infection of both species was obtained. There was no statistical significance difference (p>0.05) in prevalence of the disease among groups of peasant associations and age, and between sex groups. The mean packed cell volume of parasitemic and aparasitemic cattle was similar. A total of 6236 biting flies, including 6133 (98.35\%) Stomoxys, 18 (0.29\%) Tabanus, 14 (0.22\%) Chrysops and 71 (1.14\%) Haematopota were captured. However, tsetse fly was not captured. Statistical significance difference was observed in mean catch of Stomoxys and Tabanus (p<0.05) in different peasant associations. In conclusion, application of integrated control strategy undertaken in the district resulted in reduction of disease occurrence and tsetse flies. Thus, continuation of the ongoing integrated control strategy and dissemination of the strategy to neighboring districts to limit re-invasion with tsetse flies were recommended.\par
Keywords: Ameya district, biting flies, bovine trypanosomosis, integrated control strategy, tsetse flies.\par
As part of the Gibe river system, tsetse-trans mitted animal trypanosomosis has been incriminated as the primary disease condition to highly curtail the production potential of its livestock sub-sector, particularly in the fertile lowland and midlands of Ameya district, South West Shewa zone, Ethiopia. The district was one of the highly affected areas by animal trypanosomosis and infested by different tsetse and biting flies  {\ref (NTTICC, 2009;}\hyperref[b3]{Denu et al., 2012)}. Since intense studies in 2007/2008 in the district, integrated control strategy has been undertaken by support of governmental and non-governmental organizations. Thus, knowing the current status of the disease and its vectors is crucial to apply efforts towards combating the disease and reducing economic losses in the area. Therefore, the current study was conducted to determine the prevalence of the disease and its vectors, identification of vector flies and trypanosome species distributed in the area and to check the effectiveness of the undertaken control methods. 
\section[{II.}]{II.} 
\section[{Materials and Methods}]{Materials and Methods}\par
The topography of the areas is mainly plain and thoroughly cultivated. Mixed livestock and crop farming is the dominant form of production where rain-fed agriculture is the common production system. The vegetations are confined on the river sides, and the types of vegetations are dominated by thick and scattered thickets with short grasses on the upper reaches of the rivers. As inhabitants of the area are cutting down the trees for fire wood and charcoal, the vegetation is getting thinner and thinner. The wild life could not be found in a group due to lack of enough shelter as needed except some wild games.\par
The district has a total of 15,715 local and 37 cross breed cattle. In addition, there are 30,881, 34,815, 7,803, 3,150, 13,046 and 85,823 sheep, goats, horses, mules, donkeys and poultry, respectively (Socioeconomic data, 2012). 
\section[{b) Study protocol}]{b) Study protocol}\par
Both primary and secondary data were used. The primary data were collected from field works. Secondary data were obtained from Livestock Development and Health Agency of Ameya district after provision of permission request letter, and published sources on works conducted in the district before five years. The obtained secondary data include prevalence of the disease, distribution and densities of tsetse and biting flies before five years, and control strategies applied in the last five years. c) Questionnaire survey A structured questionnaire survey was conducted to gather information on aspects of livestock management, socio-economics of the society, trypanosomosis and its vectors, and control strategies being used to control the disease and its vectors. Fifty-one respondents were randomly selected from the households, who are residents of the district, and informed about purpose of the study. The questionnaire was administered by face to face discussion. 
\section[{e) Parasitological survey}]{e) Parasitological survey}\par
A small quantity of paired blood samples were collected into heparinized haematocrit capillary tube (filled up to about ¾) from marginal ear vein by pricking with the tip of a sterile lancet after properly securing the animal and aseptically preparing the area. Buffy coat technique was used. The samples were centrifuged at 12000 rpm for 5 minutes. The capillaries were measured by haematocrit reader and a packed cell volume (PCV) value of each cattle was recorded.\par
The capillary tube was cut 1 mm below the buffy coat using diamond pencil. The content of the capillary tube was expressed onto a clean microscope slide and covered with a 22x22 mm cover slip. Then the slide was examined for trypanosomes based on the type of movement in the microscopic field with 40X objective lens magnification. Confirmation of trypanosome species of positive samples by morphological characteristics was performed by thin smear technique and examination by light microscopy of 100X objective lens magnification \hyperref[b11]{(Murray et al., 1977;} {\ref Uilenberg, 1990)}. 
\section[{f) Entomological survey}]{f) Entomological survey}\par
During entomological survey, 24 monopyramidal traps were deployed in selected sites (Gombore, Mari Magari, Mari and Kota sites) at a distance of about 300 m apart for 72 hours. Every trap was odour-baited with acetone (150 mg/hr release rate), 3-octen-1-ol (0.5 mg/hr release rate) and cow urine (1000 mg/hr release rate) \hyperref[b21]{(Terfa et al., 2014)}. The underneath of each trap pole was smeared with grease in order to prevent the ants climbing up the pole towards the collecting cage that could damage the flies.\par
After a specified period of deployment, the flies caught in the collecting cage were sorted, identified, counted and the apparent fly density per trap per day was recorded. A hand lens was used for the identification flies based on the characteristic morphological structures at genus level. The study was conducted in Ameya district, South West Shewa zone, Ethiopia from February to March, 2013 (for prevalence of trypamosomosis survey) and from May to June, 2013 (for tsetse and biting flies survey). Gindo is the administrative town of the district and located at about 145 Km distant southwards of Addis Ababa, capital of Oromia region and Ethiopia. The district consists of midland and lowland situated in Gibe watershed, one of main rivers of Gibe-Omo River system. The district has 39 kebeles (peasant associations (PAs)), of which 19 (47\%), 10 (36\%) and 7 (17\%) PAs are lowland, midland and highland, respectively. Five PAs having different sites, Gambela Ashute Talgo (Ashute site), Gombore Aliyi (Gombere, Eteya and Gombore Baticha sites), Mari Kereyu Sekela (Mari-Magari and Mari sites), Moko Ujuba Kota (Kota site) and Cha'a Kase (Atnafo site) were randomly selected for the study. 
\section[{d) Study design and animals}]{d) Study design and animals}\par
A cross sectional study was conducted on 436 randomly selected local zebu breed cattle of both sexes. Age of animals was determined using owners' information. Accordingly, animals were categorized as young (<2 years), young adult (?2<5 years), adult (?5?9 years) and old (>9 years). Entomological survey was conducted in selected areas that seemed to be habitat for tsetse flies using monopyramidal traps.\par
Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) 16.0 version. Frequency distribution and percentage were used to summarize data obtained from questionnaire survey and prevalence of the disease. Vector survey data were analyzed using student t-test and ANOVA to compare the mean catches in different study areas. In all cases, 95\% confidence interval was employed. According to information from Livestock Development and Animal Health Agency of Ameya district, a total of 380 liters undiluted 18.75\% deltamethrin were provided and poured on 25,350 cattle and 225 targets impregnated with 0.5\% deltamethrin were deployed in the last adjacent five years (2007-2013) for 10 kebeles (PAs) in the district (Table \hyperref[tab_0]{1}). In addition, trypanocidal drugs and deltamthrin provided to the cattle owner by public and private veterinary clinics and pharmacies were also contributed for control activities and constitute the utmost proportion.  The questionnaire survey result indicated that about 100\% of the respondents practice mixed (livestock-crop production) farming system. Additionally, 9.8\% (5/51) respondents participate in trade and feedlot activities. Cattle are reared as a source of milk, meat, manure, drought power, income generation, paying dowry, wealth banking, bleeding (sacrifice) and fattening.\par
Free grazing was the common practice (40/51 respondents (78.4\%)) while free gazing combined with stall feeding during milking for lactating cows and drought oxen was also rarely used (11/51 (21.6\%)). Crop residues like straws and residues of local beer called "atalaa" were identified as source of feed for stall feeding. Majority of the respondents (32/51 or 62.5\%) were using bush and grassland areas to graze their animals, which are found either nearby the river bodies or not (Table \hyperref[tab_1]{2}).\par
The disease was first (49/51 respondents or 96\%), second and fourth (1/51 respondent or 2\% each) ranked among known animal diseases and resulted in death of 21 cattle owned by some of the 51 respondents in the last 12 months. From 51 respondents, 36 (70.6\%) and 13 (25.5\%) claimed decrease of milk production by 100\% and 50\%, respectively in lactating cows while all of them agreed on decreasing by half to complete cessation of drought power of oxen due to the disease. Effects of the disease like abortion, delay of first calving, long calving interval and birth of underweight calves were common in the area.\par
Majority of the respondents (37/51 (72.5\%)) claimed as the disease was introduced in the district in 1970s while the rest (14/51 (27.5\%)) said 20 years ago. About 90.2\% (46/51) of the respondents responded as occurrence of the disease is decreased over last five years while the rest 9.8\% (5/51) respondents claimed increased occurrence of the disease. However, respondents in both groups know and agreed on different control strategies performed in the district except 2 (3.9\%) respondents (Table \hyperref[tab_1]{2}). There was no observable difference in the mean PCV of the aparasitemic and parasitemic cattle. How -ever, the mean PCV of parasitemic cattle are slightly higher. The mean PCV of aparastemic cattle was 25.20 
\section[{ii. Prevalence of trypanosomosis}]{ii. Prevalence of trypanosomosis}\par
In the current study, an overall 1.4\% (6/436 cattle) prevalence of the disease was recorded. There was no statistical significance difference between sex (p>0.05), among PAs and age (p>0.05) groups (Table \hyperref[tab_2]{3}). Two species of trypanosomes, T. congolense (2/6 or 33.33\%) and Trypanosoma brucei (T. brucei) (3/6 or 50\%) were identified as a single infection and mixed infection of T. congolense and T. brucei (1/6 or 16.67\%). 
\section[{IV.}]{IV.}\par
Discussion a) Questionnaire survey Twenty one cattle owned by some of the respondents were died due to the disease in the last 12 months (from date of the interview). Abortion, delay of first calving, long calving interval and birth of underweight calves, reduction in milk production and drought power of oxen were also the important in the area, which led to struggle with subsistence livelihood of the community and consistent with \hyperref[b9]{Maudlin et al. (2004)}.\par
According to \hyperref[b23]{Vreysen (2006)}, the disease is among well known livestock production constraints in Africa, mainly in rural poor community and considered as a root cause of poverty. The overall economic loss caused by the disease was estimated to be US \$1408-1540 million per annum  {\ref (NTTICC, 2006)}.\par
About 72.5\% (37/51) of the respondents said that the disease occurs mostly in dry season. This disagrees with the finding of Denu et al. (  {\ref 2012}) who reported higher prevalence of the disease in wet season than dry season in the area. The difference may be due to observable effects of the disease during dry season in combination with feed shortage and concurrent diseases.\par
Majority of the respondents (37.3\% or 19/51) know tsetse flies, 33.3\% (17/51) knows other biting flies that can transmit the disease while 3.9\% (2/51) knows both biting and tsetse flies. About 74.5\% (38/51) said both tsetse and biting flies are abundant during wet season. According to the respondents, these flies are responsible to transmit the disease during watering and grazing in forest, grassland, bush area, bottom and top of valleys of different vegetation types. The current findings are consistent with work of \hyperref[b3]{Denu et al. (2012)}. 
\section[{b) Prevalence}]{b) Prevalence}\par
In the current study, prevalence of the disease was 1.4\%. However, in 2007/2008 higher prevalence rate of 33.5\% and 17.83\% in the late rainy and dry seasons, respectively was recorded in three districts of were included in the current study. In addition, higher prevalence of 11.45\% and 17.7\% was obtained in Mari Magari and Bareda Chilalu sites of Ameya district in 2008  {\ref (NTTICC, 2009)}. This indicated the decreased occurrence of the disease over the last five years and is consistent with response of the majority of the respo - iii. Entomological survey A total of 6,236 biting flies, of which 6,133 (98.35\%) Stomoxys, 18 (0.29\%) Tabanus, 14 (0.22\%) Chrysops and 71 (1.14\%) Haematopota were captured. However, no tsetse fly was captured. The apparent densities (fly/trap/day) of 85.18, 0.25, 0.19 and 0.97 were obtained for Stomoxys, Tabanus, Chrysops and Haematopota, respectively. The overall mean apparent density of the captured biting flies was 86.61 ± 65.72 SD.\par
Highest mean catch was recorded for Stomoxys (255.54 ± 196.648 SD) followed by Haematopota (2.96 ± 3.014) while the lowest mean catch was obtained for Chrysops (0.58 ± 1.018 SD) followed by Tabanus (0.75 ± 1.452 SD). Statistically, significance difference was obtained in the mean catch of Stomoxys (F=4.777, p<0.05) and Tabanus (F=0.45, p<0.05) among different PAs (Table \hyperref[tab_3]{4}). Further analysis revealed presence of statistical significance difference between Gombore and Mari Magari, and Gombore and Kota for Stomoxys, and between Gombore and Mari and Gombore and Kota for Tabanus.   {\ref 2012}) in the same area. Livestock are reared for different purposes, which are integral part of agricultural activity and used as a source of milk, meat, manure, drought power, income generation, wealth accumulation (as a bank), for dowry payment and worshiping by scarifying or bleeding the animal. However, livestock production has been hindered by many devastating animal diseases, of which trypanososmosis is the first ranked disease by majority (49/51, 96\%) of the respondents. The current result agrees with the pervious result in the area \hyperref[b3]{(Denu et al., 2012)} and work of \hyperref[b20]{Terfa (2008)} in Gawo-Dalle district, Kellem Wollega zone, Ethiopia, in which all the respondents ranked trypanosomosis as first. About 72.5\% (37/51), who are elders, agreed as the disease was first introduced and recognized in the area in 1970s while the rest, younger and immigrants, estimated 20 years ago. Similarly, 100\% indigenous habitants of in Gawo-Dalle district, Ethiopia claimed as the disease was introduced in 1960s \hyperref[b20]{(Terfa, 2008)}. South West Shewa (Denu et al., 2012) from which two areas (controlled and non-controlled area) indicated lower prevalence of the disease in the controlled (9.1\%) than in non-controlled area (15.1\%) in Hawa Gelan district of Kellem Wollega zone, Ethiopia  {\ref (Fantahun et al., 2012)}.\par
The difference between the current and previous studies in the same area is due to application of integrated control strategy and professional intervention recommended from the previous works. These control methods include treatment with trypanocidal drugs, deploying of impregnated targets, applying pour on of delthamethrine and increased clearance of the tsetse fly habitat for cultivation by the community. In addition, frequent treatment of the infected cattle and season of the study, dry season, might be reasons for lower result of the current study.\par
Two species, T. congolense and T. brucei, were isolated in the current study. Trypanasoma brucei was the dominant species, 50\% (3/6) as single infection and 16.67\% (1/6) as a mixed infection with T. congolense. However, T. congolense and T. vivax were the only reported species in the previous two studies of the same area before five years with T. congolense as the dominant species  {\ref (NTTICC, 2009;}\hyperref[b3]{Denu et al., 2012)}. In contrast to the current result, T. brucei was the least prevalent species isolated in some parts of Ethiopia Young adult (?2<5 years) and adult (?5?9 years) were more susceptible to the disease than young (<2 years) and old (>9 years) cattle. However, there was no statistical significance difference among different age groups. The higher prevalence was observed in adult (1.73\%) followed by young adult (1.33\%). The current result is slightly in line of agreement with work of Denu et al. (2012) in which 16\%, 22\% and 24\% infection rate was reported in calves (<1year old), adult (1-4 years old) and older animals (>4 years old), respectively in dry season with absence of statistical significance difference among age groups. This could be associated to the fact that adult cattle travel long distance for grazing and draught as well as harvesting crops in areas of high tsetse challenge \hyperref[b3]{(Denu et al., 2012)}. According to \hyperref[b16]{Rowlands et al. (1995)}, sucking calves do not go out with their dams but graze at homesteads until they are weaned off, which is also true for this study area. Furthermore, protection of young animals by natural maternal antibodies to some extent  {\ref (Fimmen et al., 1992)} could be considered as one factor for low prevalence in young cattle.\par
There was no statistical significance difference between sex groups even though the prevalence of the disease was slightly higher in males than females. This is consistent with work of Tafese et al. (2012). However, Zecharias and Zeryehun (2012) reported slight higher prevalence in female cattle with absence of statistical significance difference in Arba Minch, Ethiopia. Absence of significance difference between sex groups may be due to an equal chance of exposure to the parasite (Tafese et al., 2012).\par
The mean PCV of parasitemic and aparasitemic cattle of the current study was almost similar. However, the PCV of cattle was significantly influenced by trypanosome infection in the previous study in the area (Denu et al., 2012). The lower PCV of apparently trypanosome free cattle could be due to various concurrent diseases and nutritional interference with development of anemia, conversely many cattle having high PCV also show to be infected in which it may be occurred due to early infection (Fantahun et al., 2012). 
\section[{c) Entomological survey}]{c) Entomological survey}\par
During the current survey, tsetse flies were not captured. However, four genera of biting flies were captured. Previously, the current study area was infested with Glossina pallidipes, Stomoxys and Tabanus (NTTICC, 2009; Denu et al., 2012), Glossina morsitans submorsitans, Glossina fuscipes fuscipes, Haematopota and Chrysops \hyperref[b3]{(Denu et al., 2012)}. A total of 6236 biting flies were captured. From these, about 6133 (98.35\%) were Stomoxys while the rest was tabanids which slightly agrees with previous report of 6.48\% and 4.51\% tabanids and 81.02\% and 88.06\% Stomoxys (muscids) during the late rainy and dry seasons, respectively \hyperref[b3]{(Denu et al., 2012)}. Similarly, higher number both tsetse and biting flies were captured in noncontrolled area than controlled area in Hawa Gelan district  {\ref (Fantahun et al., 2012}). The difference between the current and previous situation of tsetse flies might be attributed to implementation of tsetse flies control strategy undertaken in the district.\par
The mean apparent density of the captured biting flies of the current study was 86.61. The highest was recorded for Stomoxys (85.18 fly/trap/day) followed by Haematopota (0.97 fly/trap/day) while the lowest was recorded for Chrysops (0.19 fly/trap/day) followed by Tabanus (0.25 fly/trap/day). Denu  In conclusion, the prevalence of the disease and its vectors, especially tsetse flies, were reduced when compared with situation of the area before five years. Implementation of integrated control strategy of the causal agent and its vectors were successfully resulted in reducing the occurrence of the disease. Thus, the integrated control strategy on application should be continued and disseminated to the neighboring districts to avoid re-invasion of the area with tsetse flies.\par
V.\begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{}\includegraphics[]{image-2.png}
\caption{\label{fig_0}}\end{figure}
    \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{1} \par 
\begin{longtable}{P{0.24388185654008437\textwidth}P{0.1829113924050633\textwidth}P{0.2008438818565401\textwidth}P{0.11476793248945147\textwidth}P{0.10759493670886076\textwidth}}
Year 2007/08 2008/09 2009/10 2011/12 2012/13 (up to May, 2013) Total\tabcellsep Poured on deltamethrin (liter) 100 170 50 70 90 380\tabcellsep Number of cattle sprayed 5000 7000 4000 4100 5250 25,350\tabcellsep Target deployed -100 100 25 -225\tabcellsep Volume XIV Issue III Version I\end{longtable} \par
  {\small\itshape [Note: © 2014 Global Journals Inc. (US)]} 
\caption{\label{tab_0}Table 1 :}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{2} \par 
\begin{longtable}{P{0.6704704704704705\textwidth}P{0.05615615615615615\textwidth}P{0.0467967967967968\textwidth}P{0.07657657657657657\textwidth}}
Variables\tabcellsep Total\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{Frequency Proportion}\\
\tabcellsep respondents\tabcellsep \tabcellsep (\%)\\
Grazing area\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\
Grassland\tabcellsep 51\tabcellsep 11\tabcellsep 21.6\\
Bush area\tabcellsep 51\tabcellsep 2\tabcellsep 3.9\\
Bush and grassland\tabcellsep 51\tabcellsep 32\tabcellsep 62.5\\
Bush area and bottom of valley\tabcellsep 51\tabcellsep 4\tabcellsep 7.8\\
Grassland and top of valley\tabcellsep 51\tabcellsep 1\tabcellsep 2\\
Bottom of valley\tabcellsep 51\tabcellsep 1\tabcellsep 2\\
Season of occurrence of trypanosomosis utmost\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\
Wet season\tabcellsep 51\tabcellsep 9\tabcellsep 17.6\\
Dry season\tabcellsep 51\tabcellsep 37\tabcellsep 72.5\\
The same throughout a year\tabcellsep 51\tabcellsep 5\tabcellsep 9.8\\
Know tsetse fly\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\
Yes\tabcellsep 51\tabcellsep 19\tabcellsep 37.3\\
No\tabcellsep 51\tabcellsep 13\tabcellsep 25.5\\
Know other vectors of trypanosomes\tabcellsep 51\tabcellsep 17\tabcellsep 33.3\\
Know tsetse and other biting flies\tabcellsep 51\tabcellsep 2\tabcellsep 3.9\\
Season of tsetse and other flies that transmit\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\
trypanosomosis abundance\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\
Wet season\tabcellsep 51\tabcellsep 38\tabcellsep 74.5\\
Dry season\tabcellsep 51\tabcellsep 6\tabcellsep 11.8\\
The same throughout a year\tabcellsep 51\tabcellsep 1\tabcellsep 2.0\\
Don't know\tabcellsep 51\tabcellsep 6\tabcellsep 11.8\\
Level of trypanosomosis in the last five years\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\
Increased\tabcellsep 51\tabcellsep 5\tabcellsep 9.8\\
Decreased\tabcellsep 51\tabcellsep 46\tabcellsep 90.2\\
Applied control strategies in the area\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\
Trypanocidal drugs\tabcellsep 51\tabcellsep 7\tabcellsep 13.7\\
Trypanocidal drugs and trap/target\tabcellsep 51\tabcellsep 7\tabcellsep 13.7\\
Trypanocidal drugs and pour on\tabcellsep 51\tabcellsep 12\tabcellsep 23.5\\
Trypanocidal drugs, trap/target and pour on\tabcellsep 51\tabcellsep 21\tabcellsep 41.5\\
Trypanocidal drugs, pour on and others\tabcellsep 51\tabcellsep 2\tabcellsep 3.9\\
(deforestation to cultivate the land, supplementary\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\
feeding)\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\
Don't know any applied method\tabcellsep 51\tabcellsep 2\tabcellsep 3.9\end{longtable} \par
 
\caption{\label{tab_1}Table 2 :}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{3} \par 
\begin{longtable}{P{0.07880794701986756\textwidth}P{0.29834437086092713\textwidth}P{0.11539735099337747\textwidth}P{0.005629139072847682\textwidth}P{0.21109271523178808\textwidth}P{0.005629139072847682\textwidth}P{0.0759933774834437\textwidth}P{0.059105960264900656\textwidth}}
Variable\tabcellsep Category\tabcellsep No.\tabcellsep of\tabcellsep No.\tabcellsep of\tabcellsep Fishers'\tabcellsep p-vlue\\
\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{examined}\tabcellsep positive (\%)\tabcellsep \tabcellsep exact\tabcellsep \\
PAs\tabcellsep Gambela Ashute Talgo\tabcellsep 47\tabcellsep \tabcellsep 1(2.13)\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\
\tabcellsep Gombore Aliyi\tabcellsep 129\tabcellsep \tabcellsep 2(1.55)\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\
\tabcellsep Mari Kereyu Sekela\tabcellsep 115\tabcellsep \tabcellsep 3(2.61)\tabcellsep \tabcellsep 2.801\tabcellsep 0.532\\
\tabcellsep Moko Ujuba Kota\tabcellsep 73\tabcellsep \tabcellsep 0\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\
\tabcellsep Cha'a Kase\tabcellsep 66\tabcellsep \tabcellsep 0\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\
Sex\tabcellsep Male Female\tabcellsep 209 227\tabcellsep \tabcellsep 3 (1.44) 3 (1.32)\tabcellsep \tabcellsep 0.01\tabcellsep 1.000\\
\multicolumn{2}{l}{Age (years) <2}\tabcellsep 27\tabcellsep \tabcellsep 0\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\
\tabcellsep ?2<5 ?5?9\tabcellsep 150 231\tabcellsep \tabcellsep 2 (1.33) 4 (1.73)\tabcellsep \tabcellsep 0.312\tabcellsep 1.000\\
\tabcellsep >9\tabcellsep 28\tabcellsep \tabcellsep 0\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \end{longtable} \par
 
\caption{\label{tab_2}Table 3 :}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{4} \par 
\begin{longtable}{P{0.6177835051546391\textwidth}P{0.11391752577319587\textwidth}P{0.11829896907216494\textwidth}}
Variable\tabcellsep F-test\tabcellsep p-\\
\tabcellsep \tabcellsep value\\
Stomoxys\tabcellsep 4.777\tabcellsep 0.011\\
Tabanus\tabcellsep 3.204\tabcellsep 0.045\\
Chrysops\tabcellsep 0.976\tabcellsep 0.424\\
Haematopota\tabcellsep 0.405\tabcellsep 0.751\\
Dependence of the community on mixed\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\
farming system is consistent with previous work of Denu\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\
et al. (\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \end{longtable} \par
 
\caption{\label{tab_3}Table 4 :}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{} \par 
\begin{longtable}{}
\end{longtable} \par
 
\caption{\label{tab_4}}\end{figure}
 			\footnote{© 2014 Global Journals Inc. (US)} 		 		\backmatter   			 
\subsection[{Acknowledgement}]{Acknowledgement}\par
The authors are grateful for financial support of Ambo University, and staffs of Ameya district Livestock Development and Animal Health Agency for their guidance and facilitating the field work. Finally, the farmers of the district are highly acknowledged for their support and encouragement during the work. 			  			  				\begin{bibitemlist}{1}
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\end{bibitemlist}
 			 		 	 
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