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}{% \vskip8pt \textcolor{GJMediumGrey}{\rule{\textwidth}{2pt}} \vskip16pt } \usepackage[absolute,overlay]{textpos} \makeatother \usepackage{lineno} \linenumbers \begin{document} \author[1]{Dr. Shivaprasad P.N.} \renewcommand\Authands{ and } \date{\small \em Received: 15 December 2013 Accepted: 5 January 2014 Published: 15 January 2014} \maketitle \begin{abstract} The skin is a complex and the largest organ of the body. Because of complexity a wide range of diseases can occur in the skin, like tumors from surface epidermis, which is most exposed part to harsh environment and its pollutants. Diagnosis of any skin tumors can be done by correlating clinical features and histological features. This study ?incidence of squamous cell carcinoma in Karnataka? was carried out for 18 months, from November 2005 to April 2007. 54 skin tumors were studied. Out of these 54 cases, 14 were diagnosed as benign tumors and 40 as malignant tumors. The malignant tumors constituted 74.07%.Skin tumors constitute a small but significant proportion of patients with cancer. Unlike in the Western countries, SCC is the commonest histological variety. In this century, the carcinogenic potential of both chemicals and radiation cannot be ignored. \end{abstract} \keywords{} \begin{textblock*}{18cm}(1cm,1cm) % {block width} (coords) \textcolor{GJBlue}{\LARGE Global Journals \LaTeX\ JournalKaleidoscope\texttrademark} \end{textblock*} \begin{textblock*}{18cm}(1.4cm,1.5cm) % {block width} (coords) \textcolor{GJBlue}{\footnotesize \\ Artificial Intelligence formulated this projection for compatibility purposes from the original article published at Global Journals. However, this technology is currently in beta. \emph{Therefore, kindly ignore odd layouts, missed formulae, text, tables, or figures.}} \end{textblock*} \let\tabcellsep& \section[{Introduction}]{Introduction}\par he skin is a complex and the largest organ in the body. Because of its complexity a wide range of diseases can develop from the skin including tumors from surface epidermis, epidermal appendages and dermal tissue. \hyperref[b0]{1} Histopathological study is one of the most valuable means of diagnosis in dermatology. But it has its own limitations; sometimes no definitive diagnosis can be made. In case of tumors, difficulties in diagnosis may also arise. For instance, distinction of squamous cell carcinoma from pseudoepitheliomatous hyperplasia or from keratoacanthoma is not always possible. \hyperref[b1]{2} The distinction between benign and malignant neoplasm are rather more difficult to define when they appear in skin than when found elsewhere \hyperref[b2]{3} and histopathological examination is frequently required to establish a definitive diagnosis.\par Diagnosis of any skin tumors can be done by correlating clinical features and histological features, which can be supported by histochemistry, immunohistochemistry and electron microscopy.\par First clear cut study of carcinogenesis was made by Sir Percival Pott in 1775. He discovered that soot is a carcinogen in chimney sweepers. \hyperref[b3]{4} Sir Jonathan Hutchinson in 1887 recognized association between arsenic administration and subsequent development of both cutaneous and systemic malignancy. Hyde recognised ultraviolet light as a carcinogen.\par Thus by the beginning of this century, the carcinogenic potential of both chemicals and radiation was recognised.\par Yamagiwa and Ilchikawa in 1918 described experimental induction of skin cancer by chemical carcinogens. In 1945, Khanolkar described the Dhoti cancer. \section[{II.}]{II.} \section[{Methodology}]{Methodology}\par This study of "incidence of squamous cell carcinoma in Karnataka" was carried out for 18 months from November 2005 to April 2007. \section[{a) Inclusion Criteria}]{a) Inclusion Criteria}\par Malignant tumors of epidermis (Squamous cell carcinoma) were included. \section[{b) Exclusion Criteria}]{b) Exclusion Criteria}\par All non-neoplastic lesions and mesenchymal tumors of epidermis were excluded.\par All benign tumors of epidermis were excluded. Brief clinical history and findings were noted in each case. Nature of biopsy either incisional or excisional biopsy was noted.\par Specimens were fixed in 10\% formalin for 12-36 hours and the gross features were examined. Extent of sampling depended on the size of tumor as follows.\par Further, tissue was processed and embedded in paraffin blocks. Sections of 5 to 6 micron thickness were taken and stained with hematoxylin and eosin and studied. Special stains were used wherever necessary.\par According to WHO classification of skin tumors (1974) \hyperref[b4]{5} F with male preponderance (85\%) and maximum number of cases occurred in the anogenital region (55\%). The peak incidence was seen in the 5 th decade. ? 2 = 44.643; p < 0.000 (Highly Significant)\par Most of the tumors were between 0.5 to 6 cms. All squamous cell carcinomas were graded according to Broder's grading.\par Fifteen cases were of Broder's grade-1, showing atypicality of cells, infiltration of dermis with more number of malignant epithelial pearls with occasional mitotic figures.\par Six cases were of Broder's grade-2, showing more than 50\% of differentiated squamous cells, with few epithelial pearls and occasional mitotic figures.\par Five cases were of Broder's grade-3 showing more than 25\% of differentiated squamous cells, with atypicality of cells, individual cell keratinization, an occasional epithelial pearl and a few mitotic figures. IV. \section[{Discussion}]{Discussion}\par Skin tumors constitute a small but significant proportion of patients with cancer. Skin tumors are an ideal subject for study from clinical, morphological and therapeutic point of view and are so ubiquitous that they can affect people of all ages.\par Total of 790 specimens of neoplasms were received, Out of these, tumors of epidermis, epidermal adnexae and melanogenic system were 54, constituting 6.83\%.\par In the present study it was observed that malignant epidermal tumors were the most common (61\%), and others (39\%).\par In the present study, squamous cell carcinoma accounted for maximum number (67.5\%) followed by others (32.5\%).. Squamous cell carcinoma accounted for maximum number of cases of skin cancer by Chakravarthy RC et al. \hyperref[b5]{6} Budharaja SN et al. \hyperref[b6]{7} and Deo SV et al. \hyperref[b7]{8} as in the present study. In the present study, 57\% of squamous cell carcinomas occurred over the genitalia. This figure is high when compared to the series of Chuang CY et al. \hyperref[b9]{10} When anogenital cancers were excluded, squamous cell carcinoma occurred commonly over the extremities, which was consistent with findings of Reddy DJ and Rao KV. \hyperref[b8]{9} Chakravarthy RC et al. Most squamous cell carcinomas of the skin are well differentiated. \hyperref[b10]{11} The present study correlate with the above studies having maximum number of squamous cell carcinomas (Grade I and Grade II) accounting for 82\% of all cases.\par V. \section[{Conclusion}]{Conclusion}\par Skin tumors constitute a small but significant proportion of patients with cancer. Unlike in the Western countries, SCC is the commonest histologic variety. Histopathological study is one of the most valuable means of diagnosis in dermatology and diagnosis of skin tumors can be done by correlating clinical features gross and histological appearances.\par In some cases rare entities and problems of differential diagnosis encountered may solved with histochemical and/or electron microscopy. In this century, the carcinogenic potential of both chemicals and radiation cannot be ignored.\begin{figure}[htbp] \noindent\textbf{}\includegraphics[]{image-2.png} \caption{\label{fig_0}}\end{figure} \begin{figure}[htbp] \noindent\textbf{1} \par \begin{longtable}{P{0.5642857142857143\textwidth}P{0.12857142857142856\textwidth}P{0.15714285714285714\textwidth}} Site\tabcellsep Number\tabcellsep Percentage\\ \tabcellsep of cases\tabcellsep \\ Head and\tabcellsep 5\tabcellsep 18.5\\ neck\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\ Extremities\tabcellsep 7\tabcellsep 26.0\\ External\tabcellsep 15\tabcellsep 55.5\\ genitalia\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\ \multicolumn{3}{l}{? 2 = 7.357; p < 0.25 (Significant)}\end{longtable} \par \caption{\label{tab_0}Table 1 :}\end{figure} \begin{figure}[htbp] \noindent\textbf{2} \par \begin{longtable}{P{0.5219298245614035\textwidth}P{0.13421052631578947\textwidth}P{0.193859649122807\textwidth}} Age in\tabcellsep Number\tabcellsep Percentage\\ years\tabcellsep of cases\tabcellsep \\ 40-49\tabcellsep 9\tabcellsep 33.3\\ 50-59\tabcellsep 7\tabcellsep 26.0\\ 60-69\tabcellsep 6\tabcellsep 22.2\\ 70-79\tabcellsep 5\tabcellsep 18.5\\ \multicolumn{3}{l}{? 2 = 1.45; p < 0.767 (Not Significant)}\end{longtable} \par \caption{\label{tab_1}Table 2 :}\end{figure} \begin{figure}[htbp] \noindent\textbf{3} \par \begin{longtable}{P{0.25113636363636366\textwidth}P{0.3284090909090909\textwidth}P{0.27045454545454545\textwidth}} Sex\tabcellsep Number\tabcellsep Percentage\\ \tabcellsep of cases\tabcellsep \\ Male\tabcellsep 24\tabcellsep 86\\ Female\tabcellsep 4\tabcellsep 14\end{longtable} \par \caption{\label{tab_2}Table 3 :}\end{figure} \begin{figure}[htbp] \noindent\textbf{4} \par \begin{longtable}{P{0.5006849315068493\textwidth}P{0.19794520547945205\textwidth}P{0.15136986301369862\textwidth}} Type\tabcellsep Number\tabcellsep Percentage\\ \tabcellsep of cases\tabcellsep \\ Squamous\tabcellsep 26\tabcellsep 96\\ cell\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\ carcinoma\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\ Verrucous\tabcellsep 1\tabcellsep 4\\ carcinoma\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \end{longtable} \par \caption{\label{tab_3}Table 4 :}\end{figure} \begin{figure}[htbp] \noindent\textbf{5} \par \begin{longtable}{P{0.34\textwidth}P{0.221\textwidth}P{0.28900000000000003\textwidth}} \multicolumn{2}{l}{Grade Number}\tabcellsep Percentage\\ \tabcellsep of cases\tabcellsep \\ I\tabcellsep 15\tabcellsep 58\\ II\tabcellsep 6\tabcellsep 23\\ III\tabcellsep 5\tabcellsep 19\\ IV\tabcellsep 0\tabcellsep 0\end{longtable} \par \caption{\label{tab_4}Table 5 :}\end{figure} \begin{figure}[htbp] \noindent\textbf{6} \par \begin{longtable}{P{0.2300751879699248\textwidth}P{0.1725563909774436\textwidth}P{0.19172932330827067\textwidth}P{0.13421052631578947\textwidth}P{0.12142857142857141\textwidth}} Type of tumor\tabcellsep Budhraja SN et al. 7\tabcellsep Chakravarthy RC et al. 6\tabcellsep Deo SV et al. 8\tabcellsep Present study\\ Squamous cell carcinoma\tabcellsep 49.02\%\tabcellsep 64.3\%\tabcellsep 55.8\%\tabcellsep 67.5\%\end{longtable} \par \caption{\label{tab_5}Table 6 :}\end{figure} \begin{figure}[htbp] \noindent\textbf{7} \par \begin{longtable}{P{0.33031088082901555\textwidth}P{0.40077720207253886\textwidth}P{0.06606217616580311\textwidth}P{0.017616580310880828\textwidth}P{0.035233160621761656\textwidth}} 2014\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\ Year\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\ Volume XIV Issue III Version I\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\ ( ) F\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\ Age in years\tabcellsep \multicolumn{4}{l}{Reddy DJ et al. 9 Number of cases Percentage Number of cases Percentage Present study}\\ 40-49\tabcellsep 24\tabcellsep 31.58\tabcellsep 9\tabcellsep 33\\ 50-59\tabcellsep 11\tabcellsep 14.47\tabcellsep 7\tabcellsep 26\\ 60-69\tabcellsep 3\tabcellsep 3.95\tabcellsep 6\tabcellsep 22\\ 70-79\tabcellsep -\tabcellsep -\tabcellsep 5\tabcellsep 19\end{longtable} \par \caption{\label{tab_6}Table 7 :}\end{figure} \begin{figure}[htbp] \noindent\textbf{8} \par \begin{longtable}{P{0.3125806451612903\textwidth}P{0.3454838709677419\textwidth}P{0.06580645161290323\textwidth}P{0.060322580645161286\textwidth}P{0.06580645161290323\textwidth}} \tabcellsep Male\tabcellsep \tabcellsep Female\tabcellsep \\ \tabcellsep \multicolumn{4}{l}{Number of cases Percentage Number of cases Percentage}\\ Chakravarthy RC et al 6\tabcellsep 43\tabcellsep 71.62\tabcellsep 21\tabcellsep 28.38\\ Reddy DJ and Rao KV 9\tabcellsep 47\tabcellsep 61.84\tabcellsep 29\tabcellsep 38.16\\ Present study\tabcellsep 23\tabcellsep 85\tabcellsep 4\tabcellsep 15\end{longtable} \par \caption{\label{tab_7}Table 8 :}\end{figure} \begin{figure}[htbp] \noindent\textbf{} \par \begin{longtable}{} \end{longtable} \par \caption{\label{tab_8}}\end{figure} \begin{figure}[htbp] \noindent\textbf{9} \par \begin{longtable}{P{0.2848167539267016\textwidth}P{0.14685863874345548\textwidth}P{0.04450261780104712\textwidth}P{0.13795811518324608\textwidth}P{0.0356020942408377\textwidth}P{0.16465968586387436\textwidth}P{0.0356020942408377\textwidth}} \tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{Head and neck}\tabcellsep Extremities\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{External genitalia}\\ \tabcellsep Number of cases\tabcellsep \%\tabcellsep Number of cases\tabcellsep \%\tabcellsep Number of cases\tabcellsep \%\\ Reddy DJ and Rao KV 9\tabcellsep 25\tabcellsep 34\tabcellsep 34\tabcellsep 46\tabcellsep -\tabcellsep -\\ Chakravarthy RC and Choudhri 6\tabcellsep 16\tabcellsep 25\tabcellsep 34\tabcellsep 53\tabcellsep -\tabcellsep -\\ Present study\tabcellsep 5\tabcellsep 18.5\tabcellsep 7\tabcellsep 25\tabcellsep 15\tabcellsep 55.5\end{longtable} \par \caption{\label{tab_9}Table 9 :}\end{figure} \footnote{© 2014 Global Journals Inc. (US)} \backmatter \begin{bibitemlist}{1} \bibitem[Rosai and Ackerman]{b0}\label{b0} \textit{Ackerman's Surgical Pathology}, J Rosai , Ackerman . Elsevier. 9 p. . \bibitem[Seldon ()]{b4}\label{b4} ‘Histological typing of skin tumors’. Rej Seldon . \textit{International Classification of Tumors} 1974. \bibitem[Chakravarthy ()]{b5}\label{b5} ‘Malignant neoplasms of skin in Eastern India’. R C Chakravarthy , Choudhri . \textit{Ind J Cancer} 1968. 5 (1) p. . \bibitem[Reddy and Rao ()]{b8}\label{b8} ‘Malignant neoplasms of the skin’. D J Reddy , K V Rao . \textit{Ind J of Dermatology and Venerology} 1964. 30 p. . \bibitem[Budhraja and Pillai ()]{b6}\label{b6} ‘Malignant neoplasms of the skin in Pondicherry (a study of 102 cases)’. S N Budhraja , Vcv Pillai . \textit{Ind J Cancer} 1972. p. . \bibitem[Mackie and Quinn ()]{b3}\label{b3} ‘Non-melanoma skin cancer and other epidermal skin tumors. 7 th ed. In: Rook, Wilkinson, Ebling's Textbook of Dermatology’. 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