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\title{The Equation of Charges in the Genu Varum and after Valgus Tibial Osteotomy: Mathematical Study}
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             \author[1]{Mardy  Abdelhak}

             \author[2]{Bouziane  Ahmed}

             \affil[1]{  University hospital Hassan II}

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\date{\small \em Received: 16 December 2013 Accepted: 3 January 2014 Published: 15 January 2014}

\maketitle


\begin{abstract}
        


Biomechanical effect of tibial osteotomy is an external mechanical movement of the center of the knee and consequently a decrease in expenses in the medial compartment.To demonstrate this effect we proposed a mathematical calculation of the pressures in the two compartments of an equation with intake pressure as a function of mechanical displacement of the center of the knee.

\end{abstract}


\keywords{genu varum, charges, valgus osteotomy, mathematical study.}

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\let\tabcellsep& 	 	 		 
\section[{Introduction}]{Introduction}\par
nternal tibial knee femoropopliteal occupies a privileged place in clinical Its treatment is not unique and requires a comprehensive care of the patient and should take into account the demands of it in terms of activity.; it to select relevant manner the most suitable solution. So; The purpose of this theoretical study is to evaluate the distribution of femoro tibial constraints imposed by a tibial osteotomy. The surgical treatment of knee osteoarthritis can be conservative (arthroscopic surgery, osteotomy) or prosthetic (unicompartmental arthroplasty or tricompartimentaire).\par
The tibial osteotomy proposed by JACKSON 1958 (1) be guided by technical inter trochanteric osteotomy and aims to correct a default axis.\par
Understanding of the biomechanics of the knee in the frontal and sagittal plane is essential for understanding the effects of osteotomy.\par
The Biomechanics of the knee bumped firstly modeling the forces applied to it; due to the large number of muscles acting on the knee for balance All the proposed models based either on an indirect measure of MORRISON \hyperref[b1]{(2)}; either on a mathematical analysis of MAQUET \hyperref[b2]{(3)}.\par
The study of surfaces and pressures Contact femorotibial uses many methods: -either by indirect radiographic method (Kettelkamp (4); MAQUET (5) photo-elastic models ( RADIN ) (6 ) strain gauge (BOURNE \hyperref[b8]{(7)}; BLAIMONT \hyperref[b10]{(8)}.\par
Author ? ? ? ? ¥ § : Department of orthopedic surgery B4, University Hospital Hassan II Fez, MARROCO. e-mails: mardy.abdelhak@yahoo.com, ahmed.bouziane@hotmail.com, -is direct: in this case; it is used many methods some of which are used to assess simultaneously the surface and the contact pressure (FUKUBAYASHI (  {\ref 9}) ) .\par
So; The purpose of this theoretical study is to evaluate the distribution of femoro tibial constraints imposed by a tibial osteotomy. This study has two areas of interest: -Pathology or purpose is to observe the changes induced by the genu varum pressures. -therapeutic: the study of changes in femorotibial constraints depending on the tibiofemoral angle trying to clarify the degree of valgus overcorrection that must be made for the osteotomy is effective. 
\section[{II.}]{II.} 
\section[{Material and Methods}]{Material and Methods}\par
It is work of study and research based on mathematical theorems and concepts of solid state physics and geometry. Applications were made on models X-ray goniometer of any member in the surgical patients; in the service of Orthopaedic Surgery B4; for tibial osteotomy by internal opening technique. elidrissitraumato@hotmail.fr, mdshimi78@hotmail.com, halimibrahimi@yahoo.fr, traumajid@yahoo.fr© 2014 Global Journals Inc. (US)\par
A decrease in strength L; that is to say a release of the lateral muscles Figure  {\ref 17 (a)}; moves the line of action of the resultant R within. At the same time; the direction of R is slightly closer to the vertical. Increased weight increases the force P. If it is not offset by a corresponding increase in muscle strength L; it causes the same result fig17 (b). When; as can be seen at menopause shroud L muscle relaxes along the weight P increases, the displacement of the load R is even greater in    The study of the equation joint stress versus displacement of mechanical center of the knee helps to explain the stress increase if genu varum fig (  {\ref 23)} Moving within the mechanical center creates a concentration of charges in the medial compartment. Thus the goal of a tibial osteotomy is to transfer these loads externally according to the equation this equation: ? = x.tg (-?)\par
The mathematical approach to the stress distribution after a tibial osteotomy can be determined in the curve Figure  {\ref (24)} represents that the equation:? = x.ch (?)\par
This curve is a parabolic representation of load variations; and when the mechanical center is moved in the x-axis to the left; constraints are reduced in this internal compartment is gradually increasing in the outer compartment.\par
Figure  {\ref 25} : Distribution of the stresses in the knee according to the deformation It integrates the table of values of constraint equations with measurements of mechanical center; there is a knee in normo oriented (? = 0°), the total stress is about 6.3 kg / cm ².\par
So; in the range (0° -6°) joint stress remains almost constant (Table Figure \hyperref[fig_5]{26}) and beyond (-6°) valgus; it increases rapidly to reach 26kg / cm ² which deteriorates the outer compartment. From the data of our study; analytic geometry and trigonometry used to deduce the magnitude and line of action of the forces on the knee situation foot support with the resulting R through the mechanical center of the joint.\par
This reasoning and mathematical formulas that can be applied to derive forces in the sagittal plane and during the various phases of walking.\par
The equation for the evolution of constraints based on the tibiofemoral angle and movement of the mechanical center allows one hand to explain changes in the distribution of joint stress due to permanent load shifting within the R during the genu varum, and demonstrates the effect of the correction on the angular distribution of the stresses after a unit OTV other.\par
This method of theoretical calculation has filled a default experimental studies of anatomical parts or synthetic model of the knee who were unaware of several factors involved in the balance of a normal subject or suffering from a deformity varus or valgus. Among these factors; include the problem of the evaluation of the game and ligament quantification of muscular load acting on the knee . so; the results obtained are found not representative of the real state of affairs.\par
However; mathematical calculation is also not devoid of criticism because it ignores some data that make precision adjustments to make difficult; particularly in osteoarthritis; rotatory disorders; the existence of a femorotibial subluxation that make it difficult to calculate the mechanical center of the knee .\par
Other factors are related to the difficulty of quantifying the contact surfaces femoro tibial in vivo in a subject with a genu varum. The problem is further complicated by the presence of inaccuracies mathematical calculation related to errors in measuring the distance of movement of the mechanical center and the angle of femoro tibial deformity on goniometry because small changes can yield significant changes in constraints joint. 
\section[{Overcorrection}]{Overcorrection}\par
Seems now generally accepted as critical success factor of the tibial osteotomy. Indeed; hindsight is sufficient and it is currently accepted that under correction is an important factor of recurrence of the deformity and pain relief.\par
i. theoretical argument From our equation; valgus 3° to 6° concentrates the load in the lateral compartment which relieves the medial compartment. however; beyond this level correction; the evolution of constraints is exponential deteriorating external compartment . 
\section[{ii. Experimental argument}]{ii. Experimental argument}\par
If we consider that the origin of the internal genu varum gonarthrosis lies between another failure in the outer shroud; it is logical that BLAIMONT \hyperref[b15]{(14)} has proposed a quantification of the correction to be made depending on the mechanical quality of the external shroud. This is determined by load testing cantilevered overhang. It is equal to the maximum load M (which still disappears external yawn) Load M multiplied by the lever arm b gives the muscle moment in physiological conditions must be equal to the moment gravity Pa BLAIMONT (  {\ref 14}) is removed in the case of genu varum osteoarthritis ; muscle moment is significantly lower when gravity. MAQUET for (3) and BLAIMONT \hyperref[b15]{(14)}; it is therefore necessary for the normal axis hypervalgiser merely replace the joint in the same way as that in which developed osteoarthritis.\par
Kettelkamp and CHAO (17) determine on radiographs; the variation of the distribution of the contact force on the tibial plateau in accordance with the difference between tibial and femoral mechanical axis. For that; they establish a mathematical model for the purpose of simplification does not take into account; as a stabilizing element , the external and internal lateral ligaments; disregarding in the calculation of all muscle elements. In this model, the balancing constraints femorotibial a genu varum requires overcorrection of 3° to 6° of valgus.\par
KOSHINO scintigraphy noted a drop in the concentration of strontium in the inner compartment 85 a year after osteotomy when there is a hypervalgisation from 2° to 10°.\par
IV. 
\section[{Conclusion}]{Conclusion}\par
Our work is a theoretical study; based on mathematical foundations; through which we could demonstrate that the angular correction by tibial osteotomy allows a charge transfer from the medial compartment to the lateral compartment. Biomechanical goal of osteotomy is to reduce the unit pressure at the internal spacing tibiofemoral: -reducing the overall tibiofemoral load in absolute value; by reducing the components of ground reaction by refocusing -but also a better distribution of it between the two compartments; and within each compartment This stress redistribution can only be obtained by transformation with overcorrection of varus to valgus.\begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{}\includegraphics[]{image-2.png}
\caption{\label{fig_0}}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{}\includegraphics[]{image-3.png}
\caption{\label{fig_1}}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{171819}\includegraphics[]{image-4.png}
\caption{\label{fig_2}Figure 17 :Figure 18 :dFigure 19 :L}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{21}\includegraphics[]{image-5.png}
\caption{\label{fig_3}Figure 21 :}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{22}\includegraphics[]{image-6.png}
\caption{\label{fig_4}Figure 22 H}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{26}\includegraphics[]{image-7.png}
\caption{\label{fig_5}Figure 26 :}\end{figure}
 			\footnote{© 2014 Global Journals Inc. (US)} 		 		\backmatter  			  				\begin{bibitemlist}{1}
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\end{document}
