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\def\makelabel##1{\upshape ##1}}% } {\end{list}\end{raggedright}} \newenvironment{specHead}[2]% {\vspace{20pt}\hrule\vspace{10pt}% \phantomsection\label{#1}\markright{#2}% \pdfbookmark[2]{#2}{#1}% \hspace{-0.75in}{\bfseries\fontsize{16pt}{18pt}\selectfont#2}% }{} \def\TheFullDate{2014-01-15 (revised: 15 January 2014)} \def\TheID{\makeatother } \def\TheDate{2014-01-15} \title{Characteristics of Craniofacial Complex For class II Division 1 Malocclusion in Saudi Subjects with Permanent Dentition} \author{}\makeatletter \makeatletter \newcommand*{\cleartoleftpage}{% \clearpage \if@twoside \ifodd\c@page \hbox{}\newpage \if@twocolumn \hbox{}\newpage \fi \fi \fi } \makeatother \makeatletter \thispagestyle{empty} \markright{\@title}\markboth{\@title}{\@author} \renewcommand\small{\@setfontsize\small{9pt}{11pt}\abovedisplayskip 8.5\p@ plus3\p@ minus4\p@ \belowdisplayskip \abovedisplayskip \abovedisplayshortskip \z@ plus2\p@ \belowdisplayshortskip 4\p@ plus2\p@ minus2\p@ 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\setlength{\parindent}{0pt}\raggedright \textcolor{GJMediumGrey}{\rule{\textwidth}{2pt}} \vskip16pt \textcolor{GJBlue}{\large\bfseries\abstractname\space} }{% \vskip8pt \textcolor{GJMediumGrey}{\rule{\textwidth}{2pt}} \vskip16pt } \usepackage[absolute,overlay]{textpos} \makeatother \usepackage{lineno} \linenumbers \begin{document} \author[1]{Azzam Al Jundi} \affil[1]{ College of Dentistry,King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences,Riyadh} \renewcommand\Authands{ and } \date{\small \em Received: 9 December 2013 Accepted: 3 January 2014 Published: 15 January 2014} \maketitle \begin{abstract} European-American norms are still used in the orthodontic treatment of Saudi patients, despite the different ethnic backgrounds of Saudis.The aims of this study were to evaluate the Cephalometric features of Class II division 1 in Saudi adult patients and to compare these values with those features of normal occlusion by referring to the effect of the gender on these values.Ninety-four (94) Saudi patients were evaluated Cephalometrically and distributed into two groups where the first group comprised of (45) subjects with normal occlusion. The second group comprised of (49) subjects with Class II division 1.Wide variations were observed for almost all measurements of Class II division 1. However, a posteriorly positioned mandible and shortness in its dimensions were noticed. \end{abstract} \keywords{class ii division1, cephalometric evaluation, dento skeletal morphology.} \begin{textblock*}{18cm}(1cm,1cm) % {block width} (coords) \textcolor{GJBlue}{\LARGE Global Journals \LaTeX\ JournalKaleidoscope\texttrademark} \end{textblock*} \begin{textblock*}{18cm}(1.4cm,1.5cm) % {block width} (coords) \textcolor{GJBlue}{\footnotesize \\ Artificial Intelligence formulated this projection for compatibility purposes from the original article published at Global Journals. However, this technology is currently in beta. \emph{Therefore, kindly ignore odd layouts, missed formulae, text, tables, or figures.}} \end{textblock*} \let\tabcellsep& \section[{Introduction}]{Introduction}\par lass II malocclusion is a frequently seen disharmony that has been studied in many different populations \hyperref[b0]{[1]}\hyperref[b1]{[2]}\hyperref[b2]{[3]}\hyperref[b3]{[4]} because excessive overjet is easily recognized, class II division 1 malocclusion is of a greater concern for both patients and parents.\par A review of literature shows that class II malocclusion has been evaluated in all three dimensions of space. In general, these studies have compared the craniofacial morphology of patients with class II malocclusion with class I control subjects.\par Studies evaluating maxillary and mandibular skeletal and dental positions and vertical components of class II patients have reported conflicting results from both cross-sectional and longitudinal studies. No common results have been found regarding cranial base configuration.\par The class II division 1 malocclusion is the most frequent in particular clinics, \hyperref[b4]{[5]} caused in most times, by a retrognathic mandible \hyperref[b4]{[5,}\hyperref[b5]{6]} McNamara indicated that retrusion of the mandible is the most commonly occurring factor contributing to class II malocclusion, and the average position of the maxilla was found to be neutral in relation to cranial base structures. \hyperref[b6]{[7]} Although many studies have investigated class II malocclusion characteristics, \hyperref[b6]{[7,}\hyperref[b7]{8,}\hyperref[b8]{9,}\hyperref[b9]{10]} , few have studied the characteristic of skeletal II malocclusion in specific ethnic groups. \hyperref[b4]{[5,}\hyperref[b10]{11,}\hyperref[b11]{12]} .\par Therefore, in order to provide more specific information regarding this type of malocclusion in Saudi subjects, this comparative Cephalometric study was undertaken.\par The objectives of this comparative Cephalometric study were to:\par 1. Determine the specific Cephalometric features of class II division 1 malocclusion in adult Saudi subjects that had not been previously submitted to any orthodontic treatment. 2. Compare the changes in the dentofacial structure in untreated class II division 1 malocclusion and normal occlusion class I individuals. 3. Evaluation of the following features of the jaws was made: angular and linear sagittal relation between maxilla and mandible and related to the cranial base; geometric proportion between maxilla and mandible; craniofacial growth pattern and position of maxillary and mandibular incisors, presence of differences between genders. \section[{II.}]{II.} \section[{Materials and Methods}]{Materials and Methods}\par Careful selection was made from the files of orthodontics clinics in King Abdul-Aziz Medical City, National Guard Health Affairs, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, from January 2013 to June 2014. A minimum sample size of 21 per group (total 42) will have 80\% power to detect a difference in means of 1 0 (Change in the skeletal ANB angle), (Cozza P et al, 2006) \hyperref[b12]{[13]} assuming that the common standard deviation is 1.25 0 (Sayin \& Turkkaharaman, 2005) \hyperref[b13]{[14]} , using a two group t-test with a 0.05 one sided significance.\par The radiographic lateral cephalograms used were taken according to the conventional norms.\par All cephalograms were taken by the same radiographic apparatus: planmecapromax 3Ds/3D Planmecaoy/Asentajankatu6/00800 Helsinki/Finland. Cephalometric Landmarks were marked and digitized by one author to avoid interobserver variability angular and linear variables were established and measured by: Vistadent ? At software (GAC int. Inc. The reference points, planes and angles used in current study were defined according To Bjork, Riolo et al \hyperref[b14]{[15,}\hyperref[b15]{16]} The causal error was calculated according to Dahlberg's formula \hyperref[b16]{[17]} ME=? d 2 2n\par Where d is the difference between two registration.\par n is the number of duplicate registration and the systematic error with dependent tests, for P<0.05\par The error of the method of cephalometric measurement ranged between 0.16mm and 0.41mm for linear measurements, and between 0.18 degree and 0.46 degree for angular measurements. (Allowable inter-and intra-investigator error were 0.5 mm and 0.5 degree) c) Statistical Analysis Descriptive statistic was calculated for all measurements in both groups including the mean, standard deviation, and minimum and maximum values for each parameter. \hyperref[b17]{[18]} All the statistical analysis were performed by using SPSS-V15 (SPSS Inc., Chicago-ILL).\par Anderson-Darling normally tests were performed to check the distribution of data, parametric (two-sample-t-test) or non parametric (Mann-Whitney U test), were used as appropriate to detect significant differences between the two groups with the level significance at 0.05, p<0.05\par The comparison between genders in class II division 1 used the same statistical test.\par Statistically significant values were considered if p<0.05\par There was no difference in the mean position of the maxilla-(SNA) between the two groups, and the class II appeared to be the result of more recessive (SNB) and shorter mandible (Go-Me).\par (These results were also supported by maxillary and mandibular skeletal measurements that were not sella-nasion based).\par This was accompanied by an increased mandibular plane angle (Go-Gn/SN) but no increase in anterior facial height. The increased mandibular plane angle appeared to be the result of a reduced ramus height with a reduced posterior facial height in the class II division1 group.\par In class II division I patients, the maxillary incisors were buccally inclined (upper incisor-NA) and the mandibular incisors were buccallyinclined and more protrusive (Lower incisor-NB), the overjet was significantly greater in class II division 1 group.\par The cranial base angle (NS\textasciicircum Ar) was significantly greater in class II division 1 subjects, and the posterior cranial length (S-Ar) was significantly shorter in class II division 1 group.\par The (ANB) angle was significantly greater in class II division 1 subjects.\par The Bjork sum (angleNS\textasciicircum Ar, SAr\textasciicircum Go ,ArGo\textasciicircum me)was significantly greater in class II division 1 subjects.\par Angle retuded chin is indicated by small (SN\textasciicircum Pog) angle in class II division 1 subjects. IV. \section[{Discussion}]{Discussion}\par Class II malocclusion has been evaluated in numerous studies. \hyperref[b18]{[19,}\hyperref[b19]{20,}\hyperref[b20]{21]}. These studies have reported conflicting results about the features of class II malocclusion both in the anteroposterior and vertical dimensions.\par Class II malocclusion may results from numerous combination of skeletal and dental components \hyperref[b21]{[22]} This was also true for our sample because wide variations were observed for almost all measurements of the class II division 1 patients (Table \hyperref[tab_0]{1}, 2).\par Fushima et al \hyperref[b20]{[21]} reported aretruded and smaller mandible in adult females with class II division 1 malocclusion. In another study of adult patients, Gilmore \hyperref[b22]{[23]} reported that the mandible was shorter in dental class II division 1 patients. Because our results are consistent with previous studies on adults, we suggest that the majority of class II division 1 patients have a normally positioned maxilla but a smaller and more retruded mandible when compared with class I patients.\par Conflicting results of studies regarding anteroposterior positions of maxilla and mandible in The sagittal position of the mandible (SNB) presented that it was retracted in relation to the cranial base. The effective length (Go-Me) showed a small sized mandible. These results are in agreement with other studies in the literature. \hyperref[b5]{[6,}\hyperref[b6]{7,}\hyperref[b28]{24,}\hyperref[b29]{25,}\hyperref[b30]{26,}\hyperref[b31]{27]} demonstrating that the mandible presents great participation in this type of malocclusion.\par These cephalometric results justify the mandibular advancement for correction of the class II malocclusion in great part of the cases \hyperref[b32]{[28,}\hyperref[b33]{29]} Our results indicated that the class II division 1 patients show an increased mandibular plan angle (NS\textasciicircum Go Me) but no increase in anterior facial height (ANS-Me).\par The increased mandibular plan appeared to be the result of reduced ramus height. In accordance with our results. Fushima et al \hyperref[b20]{[21]} growing class II patients may be attributed to the individual differences in skeletal growth rates of these patients.\par The sagittal position of the maxilla (SNA) in class II division 1 patients was normally positioned similar to the normal class I group, with a well-positioned maxilla in relation to the cranial base, corroborating previous studies \hyperref[b5]{[6,}\hyperref[b6]{7,}\hyperref[b17]{18,}\hyperref[b28]{24,}\hyperref[b29]{25]} rotation of the mandible in class II division 1 patients. Bjork and Skieller \hyperref[b34]{[30]} reported that the intensity of the Condylar growth was strongly correlated with the rotation of the mandible.\par Sinclair and Little \hyperref[b35]{[31]} reported that the degree of vertical mandibular growth was closely correlated with the total amount of condylar growth.\par Discrepancy in the posterior face height especially in ramus height may indicate decreased condylar growth in class II division 1 patients. Histological and implant studies \hyperref[b36]{[32,}\hyperref[b37]{33,}\hyperref[b38]{34]} have demonstrated that growth in mandibular length occurs primarily at the condyle, the decreased mandibular length found in class II division 1 patient also supports our findings.\par The maxillary incisors presented buccal inclination (UI.NA) in class II division 1 subjects. That findings are in consonance with the results of previous studies \hyperref[b5]{[6,}\hyperref[b6]{7,}\hyperref[b17]{18,}\hyperref[b23]{35]} .\par The position of maxillary incisors presented protrusion in relation to the cranial base (UI\textasciicircum SN) in The angular measurement for the mandibular incisors (LI-NB) presented statistically significant differences, showing mandibular incisors strongly bucally inclined.\par The results for the linear position of mandibular incisors (LI-NB) showed protrusion in relation to their apical base, indicating dento-alveolar compensation for the skeletal discrepancy.\par The craniofacial growth pattern presented a vertical tendency in class II division 1 subjects, (Bjorksum). These finding are uniform to those mentioned in most studies \hyperref[b6]{[7,}\hyperref[b7]{8,}\hyperref[b11]{12]}, however some authors found contrasting results \hyperref[b8]{[9,}\hyperref[b25]{37]} The cranial base angle (NS\textasciicircum Ar) was significantly greater in class II division 1 subjects. The larger cranial base angle in class II subjects might explain the distal positioning of the mandible.\par The sagittal discrepancy of the skeletal base angle (ANB) presented an increase in this angle in class II division 1 subjects when compared to the normal occlusion subjects corresponding with other studies \hyperref[b4]{[5,}\hyperref[b10]{11]} Hopkin et al \hyperref[b26]{[38]} stated that the cranial base configuration was an etiological factor in determining anteroposterior male relationships of the jaws. However a review of the literarure indicated no common results concerning cranial base configurations of class II patients.\par Dhopatkar et al \hyperref[b27]{[39]} has suggested that cranial base morphology was more important in establishment of mal occlusion when there was a significant skeletal discrepancy. This is also acceptable for our study because our class II patient have significantly greater over jet and ANB angle than class I subjects.\par bigger facial dimensions than females with the resemblance in the geometric proportions and craniofacial morphology. class II subjects.This results diverges from studies in the literature {\ref [14 ,36,]} V. \section[{Conclusion}]{Conclusion}\par According to the methodology used, the cephalometric characterizations of Saudi subjects presenting class II division 1 malocclusion were the following:\par The maxilla was well positioned in relation to the cranial base and in normal size.\par The mandible was smaller in size, posteriorly positioned ((retracted)) and rotated posteriorly when compared with class I subjects.\par The geometric proportion between the apical base presented a small mandible and a normal size maxilla.\par The craniofacial growth pattern showed a vertical tendency.\par The maxillary and mandibular incisors were bucally inclined and protrusively positioned in relation to skeletal base.\par Gender comparison revealed that there was statistical difference in linear measurements.\par However, there was no difference in angular measurements. This may indicate that males have\begin{figure}[htbp] \noindent\textbf{}\includegraphics[]{image-2.png} \caption{\label{fig_0}}\end{figure} \begin{figure}[htbp] \noindent\textbf{}\includegraphics[]{image-3.png} \caption{\label{fig_1}}\end{figure} \begin{figure}[htbp] \noindent\textbf{1}\includegraphics[]{image-4.png} \caption{\label{fig_2}Figure 1 :}\end{figure} \begin{figure}[htbp] \noindent\textbf{2}\includegraphics[]{image-5.png} \caption{\label{fig_3}Figure 2 :}\end{figure} \begin{figure}[htbp] \noindent\textbf{1} \par \begin{longtable}{P{0.3464237516869096\textwidth}P{0.050472334682861\textwidth}P{0.09520917678812416\textwidth}P{0.07226720647773278\textwidth}P{0.0539136302294197\textwidth}P{0.09062078272604589\textwidth}P{0.07112010796221323\textwidth}P{0.06997300944669366\textwidth}} 2014\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\ Year\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\ Volume XIV Issue VI Version I\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\ ( ) J\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\ \multicolumn{4}{l}{Tables (1-4) show descriptive statistics and}\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\ \multicolumn{4}{l}{comparison of cephalometric measurements between}\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\ two groups.\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\ \tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{Class II, 1}\tabcellsep \tabcellsep Class I\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\ Variable\tabcellsep Pts N\tabcellsep Mean\tabcellsep SD\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{Pts N Mean}\tabcellsep SD\tabcellsep P\\ \multicolumn{2}{l}{NS \textasciicircum GoMe 49}\tabcellsep 33.63\tabcellsep 2. 78\tabcellsep 45\tabcellsep 31.00\tabcellsep 3.39\tabcellsep 0.00\\ Ns \textasciicircum PP\tabcellsep 49\tabcellsep 8.01\tabcellsep 1.15\tabcellsep 45\tabcellsep 7.93\tabcellsep 1.99\tabcellsep 0.18\\ NSAr\tabcellsep 49\tabcellsep 125.91\tabcellsep 2.91\tabcellsep 45\tabcellsep 123.95\tabcellsep 2.33\tabcellsep 0.00\\ SArGO\tabcellsep 49\tabcellsep 142.91\tabcellsep 2.58\tabcellsep 45\tabcellsep 141.11\tabcellsep 1.70\tabcellsep 0.00\\ ArGoMe\tabcellsep 49\tabcellsep 133.08\tabcellsep 3.45\tabcellsep 45\tabcellsep 129.72\tabcellsep 4.59\tabcellsep 0.00\\ Sum(Bjork)\tabcellsep 49\tabcellsep 400.01\tabcellsep 4.07\tabcellsep 45\tabcellsep 396.58\tabcellsep 5.91\tabcellsep 0.00\\ NSPog\tabcellsep 49\tabcellsep 69.98\tabcellsep 3.22\tabcellsep 45\tabcellsep 66.20\tabcellsep 4.13\tabcellsep 0.00\\ SNA\tabcellsep 49\tabcellsep 81.66\tabcellsep 2.51\tabcellsep 45\tabcellsep 80.96\tabcellsep 3.02\tabcellsep 0.22\\ SNB\tabcellsep 49\tabcellsep 75.42\tabcellsep 3.14\tabcellsep 45\tabcellsep 78.53\tabcellsep 2.81\tabcellsep 0.00\\ ANB\tabcellsep 49\tabcellsep 6.21\tabcellsep 1.94\tabcellsep 45\tabcellsep 2.57\tabcellsep 1.01\tabcellsep 0.00\\ SNPog\tabcellsep 49\tabcellsep 78.04\tabcellsep 2.84\tabcellsep 45\tabcellsep 82.39\tabcellsep 2.57\tabcellsep 0.00\\ NAPog\tabcellsep 49\tabcellsep 184.93\tabcellsep 3.90\tabcellsep 45\tabcellsep 179.10\tabcellsep 4.40\tabcellsep 0.00\\ MM\tabcellsep 49\tabcellsep 28.57\tabcellsep 2.92\tabcellsep 45\tabcellsep 25.84\tabcellsep 3.12\tabcellsep 0.00\\ UI \textasciicircum SN\tabcellsep 49\tabcellsep 109.63\tabcellsep 4.58\tabcellsep 45\tabcellsep 102.49\tabcellsep 4.45\tabcellsep 0.00\\ UI \textasciicircum Spp\tabcellsep 49\tabcellsep 67.69\tabcellsep 4.23\tabcellsep 45\tabcellsep 70.10\tabcellsep 3.25\tabcellsep 0.00\end{longtable} \par \caption{\label{tab_0}Table 1 :}\end{figure} \begin{figure}[htbp] \noindent\textbf{3} \par \begin{longtable}{P{0.10023584905660378\textwidth}P{0.040094339622641514\textwidth}P{0.06415094339622641\textwidth}P{0.14834905660377357\textwidth}P{0.15235849056603773\textwidth}P{0.15636792452830187\textwidth}P{0.12028301886792452\textwidth}P{0.06816037735849056\textwidth}} Variable\tabcellsep Sex\tabcellsep No\tabcellsep Min\tabcellsep Max\tabcellsep Mean\tabcellsep SD\tabcellsep P\\ N-S\tabcellsep M\tabcellsep 26\tabcellsep 67.16\tabcellsep 77.25\tabcellsep 72.88\tabcellsep 2.68\tabcellsep 0.04\\ \tabcellsep F\tabcellsep 23\tabcellsep 65.81\tabcellsep 75.64\tabcellsep 70.82\tabcellsep 2.58\tabcellsep \\ S-Ar\tabcellsep M\tabcellsep 26\tabcellsep 28.68\tabcellsep 39.82\tabcellsep 33.76\tabcellsep 2.93\tabcellsep 0.08\\ \tabcellsep F\tabcellsep 23\tabcellsep 29.15\tabcellsep 37.61\tabcellsep 32.30\tabcellsep 2.49\tabcellsep \\ Ar-Go\tabcellsep M\tabcellsep 26\tabcellsep 46.50\tabcellsep 56.62\tabcellsep 51.22\tabcellsep 2.80\tabcellsep 0.34\\ \tabcellsep F\tabcellsep 23\tabcellsep 45.83\tabcellsep 55.15\tabcellsep 50.48\tabcellsep 2.57\tabcellsep \\ Go-Me\tabcellsep M\tabcellsep 26\tabcellsep 7.35\tabcellsep 79.62\tabcellsep 74.93\tabcellsep 2.84\tabcellsep 0.00\end{longtable} \par \caption{\label{tab_1}Table 3 :}\end{figure} \begin{figure}[htbp] \noindent\textbf{2} \par \begin{longtable}{P{0.10701438848920862\textwidth}P{0.10701438848920862\textwidth}P{0.11618705035971223\textwidth}P{0.0764388489208633\textwidth}P{0.0947841726618705\textwidth}P{0.11618705035971223\textwidth}P{0.0764388489208633\textwidth}P{0.07949640287769784\textwidth}P{0.0764388489208633\textwidth}} \tabcellsep \multicolumn{3}{l}{Class II, division 1}\tabcellsep \multicolumn{3}{l}{Normal Occlusion}\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\ Variable\tabcellsep No\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{Mean SD}\tabcellsep No\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{Mean SD}\tabcellsep P\tabcellsep \\ N-S\tabcellsep 49\tabcellsep 72.49\tabcellsep 2.70\tabcellsep 45\tabcellsep 73.11\tabcellsep 3.82\tabcellsep 0.12\tabcellsep \\ S-Ar\tabcellsep 49\tabcellsep 33.07\tabcellsep 2.80\tabcellsep 45\tabcellsep 36.25\tabcellsep 2.82\tabcellsep 0.00\tabcellsep \\ Ar-Go\tabcellsep 49\tabcellsep 50.88\tabcellsep 2.69\tabcellsep 45\tabcellsep 52.34\tabcellsep 3.18\tabcellsep 0.01\tabcellsep \\ Go-Me\tabcellsep 49\tabcellsep 73.43\tabcellsep 3.00\tabcellsep 45\tabcellsep 76.83\tabcellsep 4.73\tabcellsep 0.00\tabcellsep \\ S-Go S-PNS\tabcellsep 49 49\tabcellsep 82.12 40.68\tabcellsep 2.26 1.91\tabcellsep 45 45\tabcellsep 86.04 41.16\tabcellsep 5.53 3.59\tabcellsep 0.00 0.73\tabcellsep Volume Issue VI Version I\end{longtable} \par \caption{\label{tab_2}Table 2 :}\end{figure} \begin{figure}[htbp] \noindent\textbf{4} \par \begin{longtable}{P{0.04857142857142857\textwidth}P{0.15496598639455783\textwidth}P{0.02775510204081633\textwidth}P{0.05319727891156463\textwidth}P{0.13414965986394556\textwidth}P{0.13877551020408163\textwidth}P{0.1364625850340136\textwidth}P{0.10408163265306122\textwidth}P{0.05204081632653061\textwidth}} \tabcellsep PNS-GO\tabcellsep M\tabcellsep 26\tabcellsep 37.46\tabcellsep 45.15\tabcellsep 41.87\tabcellsep 2.15\tabcellsep 0.04\\ \tabcellsep \tabcellsep F\tabcellsep 23\tabcellsep 36.85\tabcellsep 44.67\tabcellsep 40.71\tabcellsep 1.79\tabcellsep \\ 2014\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\ Year\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\ Volume XIV Issue VI Version I\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\ ( ) J\tabcellsep Variable\tabcellsep Sex\tabcellsep No\tabcellsep Min\tabcellsep Max\tabcellsep Mean\tabcellsep SD\tabcellsep P\\ \tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{NS \textasciicircum GoMe M}\tabcellsep 26\tabcellsep 27.68\tabcellsep 38.65\tabcellsep 33.73\tabcellsep 2.99\tabcellsep 0.70\\ \tabcellsep \tabcellsep F\tabcellsep 23\tabcellsep 26.94\tabcellsep 37.16\tabcellsep 33.53\tabcellsep 2.58\tabcellsep \\ \tabcellsep Ns \textasciicircum PP\tabcellsep M\tabcellsep 26\tabcellsep 6.35\tabcellsep 10.05\tabcellsep 8.21\tabcellsep 1.14\tabcellsep 0.29\\ \tabcellsep \tabcellsep F\tabcellsep 23\tabcellsep 5.65\tabcellsep 9.26\tabcellsep 7.79\tabcellsep 1.15\tabcellsep \\ \tabcellsep NSAr\tabcellsep M\tabcellsep 26\tabcellsep 120.95\tabcellsep 131.61\tabcellsep 125.99\tabcellsep 2.65\tabcellsep 0.85\\ \tabcellsep \tabcellsep F\tabcellsep 23\tabcellsep 119.95\tabcellsep 131.46\tabcellsep 125.83\tabcellsep 3.24\tabcellsep \\ \tabcellsep SArGO\tabcellsep M\tabcellsep 26\tabcellsep 138.26\tabcellsep 147.16\tabcellsep 143.30\tabcellsep 2.48\tabcellsep 0.92\\ \tabcellsep \tabcellsep F\tabcellsep 23\tabcellsep 136.26\tabcellsep 145.03\tabcellsep 142.46\tabcellsep 2.68\tabcellsep \\ \tabcellsep ArGoMe\tabcellsep M\tabcellsep 26\tabcellsep 125.54\tabcellsep 138.74\tabcellsep 132.92\tabcellsep 3.70\tabcellsep 0.93\\ \tabcellsep \tabcellsep F\tabcellsep 23\tabcellsep 128.15\tabcellsep 139.25\tabcellsep 133.25\tabcellsep 3.23\tabcellsep \\ \tabcellsep Bjork Sum\tabcellsep M\tabcellsep 26\tabcellsep 392.94\tabcellsep 411.37\tabcellsep 399.97\tabcellsep 4.51\tabcellsep 0.88\\ \tabcellsep \tabcellsep F\tabcellsep 23\tabcellsep 396.12\tabcellsep 408.06\tabcellsep 400.05\tabcellsep 3.60\tabcellsep \\ \tabcellsep NSPog\tabcellsep M\tabcellsep 26\tabcellsep 61.58\tabcellsep 75.16\tabcellsep 69.25\tabcellsep 3.58\tabcellsep 0.09\\ \tabcellsep \tabcellsep F\tabcellsep 23\tabcellsep 66.22\tabcellsep 76.13\tabcellsep 70.81\tabcellsep 2.61\tabcellsep \\ \tabcellsep SNA\tabcellsep M\tabcellsep 26\tabcellsep 77.82\tabcellsep 86.94\tabcellsep 81.81\tabcellsep 2.50\tabcellsep 0.66\\ \tabcellsep \tabcellsep F\tabcellsep 23\tabcellsep 76.65\tabcellsep 87.61\tabcellsep 81.49\tabcellsep 2.58\tabcellsep \\ \tabcellsep SNB\tabcellsep M\tabcellsep 26\tabcellsep 71.42\tabcellsep 80.90\tabcellsep 75.37\tabcellsep 2.83\tabcellsep 0.77\\ \tabcellsep \tabcellsep F\tabcellsep 23\tabcellsep 68.35\tabcellsep 83.31\tabcellsep 75.48\tabcellsep 3.53\tabcellsep \\ \tabcellsep ANB\tabcellsep M\tabcellsep 26\tabcellsep 4.21\tabcellsep 10.01\tabcellsep 6.43\tabcellsep 1.37\tabcellsep 0.33\\ \tabcellsep \tabcellsep F\tabcellsep 23\tabcellsep .70\tabcellsep 11.10\tabcellsep 5.97\tabcellsep 2.45\tabcellsep \\ \tabcellsep © 2014 Global Journals Inc. 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