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\title{Effect of Nitrogen Fertilizer Application on in Sacco Rumen Degradability and Invitro Dry Matter Digestibility of Cenchrus Ciliaris and Panicum Maximum Grown Under Irrigation}
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             \author[1]{Sisay  Fikru}

             \affil[1]{  Jig-jiga University}

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\date{\small \em Received: 9 December 2014 Accepted: 3 January 2015 Published: 15 January 2015}

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\begin{abstract}
        


The study was conducted to determine the In vitro dry matter digestibility and In sacco rumen dry matter degradability of Cenchrus ciliaris and Panicum maximum grown under irrigation at Gode, Somali region. 2 x 3 factorial arrangements in randomized complete block design with three replications were used. Treatments were three level of fertilizer application (0, 50, 100 kg ha-1 of urea) and two grass species, which make up six treatments. The IVDMD and IVOMD increased as a result of increased urea fertilization levels. Conversely the in sacco DMD was not significantly different. The addition of urea fertilizer with the grass species in the present study improved the digestibility of the forage grasses. It could be recommended that of Cenchrus ciliaris with urea fertilizer application of 50 and 100kg ha-1, because it has more digestibility than Panicum maximum, so that agro-pastoral farmers along the Wabi- Shabelle River could increase the livestock production and productivity.

\end{abstract}


\keywords{Cenchrus Ciliaris, in Sacco Degradability, Invitro Digestibilty, Nitrogen Fertilizer, Panicum Maximum.}

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\let\tabcellsep& 	 	 		 
\section[{I. Introduction}]{I. Introduction}\par
thiopia is one of the east African countries that constitute the majority of the pastoralists. There are an estimated 23 million pastorals in the country that cover about 37 \% of the national population. In terms of proportion, about 17 \% are mobile pastoralists and 20 \% are agro-pastoralists Amha  {\ref (2002)}. The pastoralists inhabit the semi-arid and arid agro-ecologies that are located around the periphery of the country Kidane  {\ref (1993)}. These areas are classified as marginal arable and non-arable land which consist of about 67 \% of the national land area. Most of these areas are below 1500 m.a.s.l. with the southwest and southeastern areas having an altitude of around 1000 meters and southeastern and southwestern rangelands rising up to 1700 meters and above  {\ref Kidane (1993)} and  {\ref EARO (2000)}. In arid and semi-arid rangelands of Ethiopia, the primary livelihoods of the pastoralists are the management of livestock such as cattle, goats, sheep, and camels. Thus, as stated by Alemayehu (2004) livestock is vital to the well being of lowland households in terms of income, food security, employment, and, social prestige. The livestock production in these areas thus contributes about 50 \% of the agricultural GDP, and 90 \% of the annual live animal export earnings. According to  {\ref EARO (2000)}, the pastoral livestock production also consists of about 45-55 \% of the cattle, 75 \% of the small ruminants, 20 \% of equines and 100 \% of camels out of the national livestock population.\par
The development of the livestock sub-sector in Ethiopia is hindered by many constraints, of which the unavailability of both quantity and quality feed is a major factor Mnaye et al.  {\ref (2009)}. The main feed resources for livestock in Ethiopia are natural pasture and crop residues, which are low in quantity and quality for sustainable animal production \hyperref[b3]{Tessema et al. (2002a)},  {\ref Tessema and Baars (2004)}. Alemayehu (2004) also noted that more than 90\% of the livestock feed is contributed by crop residues and natural pasture, this results in low growth rates, poor fertility and high mortality rates of ruminant animal Odongo et al.  {\ref (2002)},  {\ref Shem et al. (2003)}.\par
In order to solve the shortage of feed and increase livestock productivity, it is necessary to introduce and cultivate high-quality forages with high yielding ability and adaptability to the biotic and a biotic environmental stresses Tessema and Halima (1998), \hyperref[b2]{Tessema et al. (2002b)},  {\ref Kahindi et al. (2007)}. Among the improved forage crops introduced in Ethiopia, Panicum maximum and Cenchrus ciliaris could play an important role in providing a significant amount of quality forage both under the smallholder farmers and intensive livestock production systems.\par
Nitrogen fertilization is one of the most common practices since this nutrient was found to be one of the most limiting factors influencing yield and chemical composition of grass pasture. It is also the major factor for increasing the pasture yield and nutritive value of the E plant including Crude protein (CP) content and digestibility, which can improve livestock production Peyraud and Astigarraga (1998). Nevertheless, information regarding the effect of fertilizer on Invitro dry matter digestibilty and Insacco Dry matter degradability of improved forage grasses in the study area is lacking. 
\section[{II.}]{II.} 
\section[{Materials and Methods}]{Materials and Methods} 
\section[{a) Description of the Study Area}]{a) Description of the Study Area}\par
The field experiment was conducted from September to December, 2013 using irrigation at Gode, one of the nine administrative zones of the Somali Regional State. The experimental site was located about three Km west of Gode town, the main town of Gode Zone, which is located in the southern part of the region and the Wabi-Shabelle River forms the southern and the eastern boundaries of the district. The experimental site is located at an elevation of 300 meter above sea level (m.a.s.l.) with latitude of 5 0 N and longitude of 43 0 E. The climate of Gode is characterized as arid to semi-arid agro-ecology, where livestock is the main occupation and cultivation is undertaken along Wabi-Shabelle river bank. Rainfall pattern is characterized by two rainy seasons and two dry seasons. The main rainy season termed locally as Gu, in Somali language extend from April to June and the short rainy seasons (Deyr) stretches from October to December. The mean maximum and minimum annual temperatures are 35 0 C and 22.9 0 C, respectively. The mean annual rainfall of the area is 150 to 344.06 mm NMA (2013).\par
The soil characteristic in the study site was sandy loam. The topography of Gode district is an extensive flat to gently sloping. It accounts for about 94\% of the district's total area. Areas with steep to very steep topography are very small and accounts about 2.4\% of the district's total area. Several soil types exist in the Gode district. The predominant soil types are Calcic xerosols, Orthic solonchacks, Gypsic yemosols and Fluvisols Ayele (2005).\par
Gode woreda, where this study was conducted, is one of the nine woreda of Gode Zone of Somali regional sate (SRS), the farming system in Gode district mainly characterized by livestock production and crop farming practices along the river bank of Wabi-Shabelle River. The majority of the populations are pastoralists and agro-pastoralists Ayele  {\ref (2005)}.\par
Gode  
\section[{c) Plot preparation and Management}]{c) Plot preparation and Management}\par
The land was prepared by a tractor and levelled by human power. The seed rate used was 5 kg ha -1 . The seeds were sown in a plot in a row (6 rows per plot and 30 cm, space between rows within a plot) by drilling method at a depth of about 2.5 cm and lightly covered with soil to ensure adequate emergence. Fifteen days irrigation interval was used throughout the experiment period. The urea fertilizer was applied after the grasses were well established (one month after planting) by placing near root slips depending on the treatment. Grass from all the plots was harvested at 50\% flowering stage of 80 days of growth after planting and on the same day. The grass was cut 5cm above the ground excluding the border rows. 
\section[{d) Soil sample}]{d) Soil sample}\par
Prior to planting and after harvesting soil samples were taken randomly per replication at a depth of 0 to 20 cm layer at each corner and center of each replication using soil sampling auger. The collected samples were mixed per replication to make one composite sample and used to determine organic matter content (OM), total nitrogen, available phosphorous (P), pH and Electrical conductivity of extracts (ECe). The soil organic matter was calculated indirectly from organic carbon (OC) concentrations by rapid dichromate oxidation technique of  {\ref Nelson and Sommers (1982)}. Total nitrogen in the soil was analysed by using Kjeldhal procedure Barmner and Mulvaney (1982) and Olsen's procedure was used to determine the available P Olsen et al.  {\ref (1954)}. The soil pH was measured potentio-metrically using a digital pH meter in the supernatant suspension of 1:25 liquid ratios where the liquid is water  {\ref Mclean (1982)}. Soil texture was determined by using the hydrometer method Black et al.  {\ref (1965)}. The soil chemical analysis was under taken at Haramaya university soil laboratory. 
\section[{e) Sample Collection and Preparation}]{e) Sample Collection and Preparation}\par
The representative plant of the two grass species were collected and weighed in the field. Then the samples were air dry in a well-ventilated room until transported to Holeta Nutrition Laboratory and further dried in an oven at 105 0 C for 24 hours. Then the samples were separately ground in a Willey mill to pass through 1 mm sieve for IVDMD. The Other set of samples were ground to pass through a 2 mm sieve and used for incubation in rumen fistulated cattle to determine In sacco degradability parameters of the feed samples. The samples were then put in plastic bags individually and sealed for further analysis. 
\section[{f) In vitro dry matter digestibility Procedures}]{f) In vitro dry matter digestibility Procedures}\par
In vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD) was determined by the two-stage rumen inoculums pepsin method of \hyperref[b5]{Tilley and Terry (1963)}. Dried samples were ground to pass through a 1 mm screen. A duplicate sample of about 0.5 g each was incubated with 30 ml of rumen liquor in 100 ml test tube in water bath at 39 O C for a period of 48 hour for microbial digestion. This was followed by another 48 hour for enzyme digestion with acid pepsin solution. Blank samples containing buffered rumen fluid only also was incubated in duplicates for adjustment. Drying of samples residues was done at 105 O C for 24 hours. the In vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD) was analyzed at Holeta Agricultural Research Center.\par
IVDM was calculated as Dry sample weight-(residue-blank) / Dry sample weight x 100.\par
The sample was then ashed to estimate In vitro OM digestibility. The ME content was estimated using the equation: ME (MJ kg DM) = 0.15*IVOMD. 
\section[{g) In Sacco rumen Degradability Procedure}]{g) In Sacco rumen Degradability Procedure}\par
In sacco rumen degradability of DM was determined by incubating about 3g of duplicate samples contained in nylon bags (41µm pore size and 6.5 x 14 cm dimension) in three rumen fistulated Boran x Holstein Friesian steers for 0, 6, 12, 24, 48, 72, 96 hours. Upon the removal of nylon bags at the end of each incubation hours, all bags including zero hour were washed manually under a running tap water until the water is clean, gently squeezed to remove excess water, and dried at 60 o C for 48 hours in a forced draft oven. The dried bags were then taken out of the oven and allowed to cool in desiccators and weighed immediately. DM and OM contents were determined in the original samples as well as in the residues according to standard procedure AOAC, (1990).\par
The disappearance of DM was expressed as percentages and determined for each bag using the following formula:\par
Dry The in sacco dry matter degradability was analyzed at Holeta Agricultural Research Center. 
\section[{h) Statistical Analysis}]{h) Statistical Analysis}\par
Data on in vitro digestibility and in sacco degradability parameters were subjected to analysis of variance (ANOVA) using the general linear model (GLM) procedure of the statistical analysis system SAS (1999). Means was separated using least significance difference (LSD). The statistical model used was:-Y ijk = µ + A i +B i +Nj + AB k Nj + e ijk ,\par
Where; Yijk = individual observation µ = overall mean A i = effect of forage species B k = k th block effect Nj = N-fertilizer rate AB k Nj = interaction effect of species and fertilizer rate e ijk = the random error Since fistulated animals were used as a replication, the analysis of variance model for the in sacco degradability parameters was: Y ijk = µ + A i +Nj + AB k Nj + e ijk , Where; Yijk = individual observation µ = overall mean A i = effect of forage species Nj = N fertilizer rate AB k Nj = interaction effect of species and fertilizer rate eijk = random error III. 
\section[{Results and Discusion a) In vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD) and In vitro organic matter digestibility (IVOMD)}]{Results and Discusion a) In vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD) and In vitro organic matter digestibility (IVOMD)}\par
The IVDMD and IVOMD are significantly (P < 0.05) different among the grass species (Table \hyperref[tab_2]{2}). This might be explained by the variation between morphology of the grass species such as leaf to stem ratios and variation in growth patterns. The effect of urea fertilizer on IVDMD and IVOMD of the grass species had also revealed highly significant (P < 0.01) difference and it increased with increasing level of fertilization. This may be because urea fertilizer application improves and stimulates new growth of tillers, shoots, leaves and accelerates the rate of stem development and accumulation of dead materials, which are low in cell wall and lignin contents, leading to higher digestibility. However, the interaction effect between grass species and level of urea fertilizer application did not show significant difference among treatments (P > 0.05). This result is in agreement with that of Tegegn (2001) who reported that the application of different levels of urea fertilizer had significant effects on IVDMD of Panicum at all stages of harvest. The present result is also supported by the findings of Naroon Waramit et al. (  {\ref 2006}) who reported that Nitrogen fertilization increased the IVDMD value across four grass species. Owen and Jayasuriya (1989) Noted that the critical threshold level of IVDMD for feeds to be 50\% in order to be considered as having acceptable digestibility. Similarly, Mugerwa et al.  {\ref (1973)} stated that digestibility higher than 65\% indicates good nutritive value and values below this level limit intake. Hence, the value of IVDMD observed in grass species used in the present study could be considered to be acceptable. 
\section[{b) In Sacco dry matter degradability and its rumen degradability characteristics}]{b) In Sacco dry matter degradability and its rumen degradability characteristics}\par
Among the factors considered in the study, differences between the grasses species had revealed significant difference (P < 0.05) at 72 hrs incubation time; while the other incubation times had no significant difference on rumen degradability (P > 0.05) ((Table \hyperref[tab_3]{3}). Both fertilizer application levels and its interaction and between grass species did not show significant effect on DM degradability and degradability characteristics between grasses at all incubation times (P > 0.05), except that readily soluble fraction as influenced by fertilizer applications (P < 0.05). 
\section[{IV. Acknowledgment}]{IV. Acknowledgment}\par
The There were 3 blocks, each containing 6 plots resulting to eighteen plots in total, with each plot measuring 2 x 3 meter. Distance between plot and replications (blocks) were 0.50 and 1meter, respectively. Plots in each block were randomly assigned to the six treatments.  \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{1}\includegraphics[]{image-2.png}
\caption{\label{fig_0}Figure 1 :}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{}\includegraphics[]{image-3.png}
\caption{\label{fig_1}}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{} \par 
\begin{longtable}{P{0.33530150753768845\textwidth}P{0.5146984924623116\textwidth}}
and Cenchrus ciliaris (Buffle grass) forming six\tabcellsep \\
treatments. The treatments were laid out as below in the\tabcellsep \\
table1.\tabcellsep \\
D D D D ) L\tabcellsep \\
Medical Research (\tabcellsep \\
Global Journal of\tabcellsep Woreda has an estimated livestock population of 165,277 cattle; 517,668 sheep; 985,869 goats and 115,498 camels CSA (2009). The district has\\
\tabcellsep an estimated total human population of 179,444 of\\
\tabcellsep which 99,466 are males and 79,978 females CSA\\
\tabcellsep (2007).\end{longtable} \par
 
\caption{\label{tab_0}}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{1} \par 
\begin{longtable}{P{0.85\textwidth}}
authors' heartfelt appreciation goes to the\\
Ethiopian Somali Region Pastoral and Agro-pastoral\\
Research Institute (ESORPARI) for fully sponsoring this\\
study and Haramaya University for provision of research\\
facilities.\end{longtable} \par
  {\small\itshape [Note: pp. 539-594. In: E. L. page (ed.).]} 
\caption{\label{tab_1}Table 1 :}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{2} \par 
\begin{longtable}{P{0.85\textwidth}}
Factors and levels\end{longtable} \par
  {\small\itshape [Note: © 2015 Global Journals Inc. (US)]} 
\caption{\label{tab_2}Table 2 :}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{3} \par 
\begin{longtable}{P{0.006513409961685823\textwidth}P{0.03582375478927203\textwidth}P{0.02996168582375479\textwidth}P{0.008467432950191572\textwidth}P{0.057969348659003835\textwidth}P{0.057969348659003835\textwidth}P{0.06383141762452108\textwidth}P{0.04494252873563218\textwidth}P{0.005210727969348659\textwidth}P{0.061226053639846734\textwidth}P{0.0625287356321839\textwidth}P{0.061877394636015326\textwidth}P{0.06383141762452108\textwidth}P{0.04494252873563218\textwidth}P{0.08727969348659004\textwidth}P{0.08402298850574712\textwidth}P{0.07360153256704981\textwidth}}
Parameters\tabcellsep Incubation period (hours) Degradability characteristics\tabcellsep Factors 0 6 12 24 48 72 96 A B A+B (PD) C L ED\tabcellsep Grass species\tabcellsep Panicum 20.19 23.50 36.04 38.72 50.67 56.59 a 60.14 20.19 44.45 64.64 0.0296a -0.42 40.57\tabcellsep Cenchrus 20.33 20.40 35.37 37.83 48.78 53.99 b 59.05 20.33 41.49 61.82 0.0330a 2.27 38.84\tabcellsep P-Value 0.7483 0.1176 0.5152 0.6743 0.2076 0.0277 0.1874 0.7483 0.3154 0.3466 0.6796 0.3055 0.0614\tabcellsep ±SE 0.33 1.16 0.67 1.25 1.29 0.71 0.59 0.33 1.73 1.77 0.005 1.59 0.57\tabcellsep Urea(kg)\tabcellsep U0 kg ha -1 19.37 b 21.91 36.34 40.27 49.00 56.27 60.20 19.37 b 43.38 62.76 0.0345 0.717 40.10\tabcellsep U50kg ha -1 20.41 ab 20.76 34.61 36.71 49.55 55.02 58.36 20.41 ab 41.33 61.75 0.0320 2.767 38.70\tabcellsep U100 kg ha -21.01 a 23.17 36.17 37.85 50.62 54.59 60.23a 21.00 a 44.19 65.19 0.0274 0.710 40.31\tabcellsep 0.5405 0.2626 P-Value 0.0297 0.5718 0.3323 0.3832 0.6412 0.4013 0.1254 0.0297 0.6995 0.6145 0.7736\tabcellsep 1.92 0.73 0.006 ±SE 0.29 1.54 0.86 1.58 1.04 1.01 0.66 0.29 2.23 2.24\tabcellsep a-b Mean with different superscripts are significant different; A= readily soluble fraction; B= insoluble but fermentable fraction; C=\tabcellsep rate of degradation of B per hour; L= lag phase; ED = effective degradability; PD= potential degradability; SE= standard error of\tabcellsep mean; (P < 0.05) = significant difference; (P > 0.05) = non significant; U 0kg ha -1 ; U50 kg ha -; U100 kg ha -.\end{longtable} \par
 
\caption{\label{tab_3}Table 3 :}\end{figure}
 			\footnote{© 2015 Global Journals Inc. (US)} 			\footnote{Volume XV Issue 1 Version I Year 2015 © 2015 Global Journals Inc. (US) levels of Sesbania sesban (L.) Merr.). Animal Feed Science and Technology, 117:29-41.} 		 		\backmatter  			  				\begin{bibitemlist}{1}
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