\documentclass[11pt,twoside]{article}\makeatletter

\IfFileExists{xcolor.sty}%
  {\RequirePackage{xcolor}}%
  {\RequirePackage{color}}
\usepackage{colortbl}
\usepackage{wrapfig}
\usepackage{ifxetex}
\ifxetex
  \usepackage{fontspec}
  \usepackage{xunicode}
  \catcode`⃥=\active \def⃥{\textbackslash}
  \catcode`❴=\active \def❴{\{}
  \catcode`❵=\active \def❵{\}}
  \def\textJapanese{\fontspec{Noto Sans CJK JP}}
  \def\textChinese{\fontspec{Noto Sans CJK SC}}
  \def\textKorean{\fontspec{Noto Sans CJK KR}}
  \setmonofont{DejaVu Sans Mono}
  
\else
  \IfFileExists{utf8x.def}%
   {\usepackage[utf8x]{inputenc}
      \PrerenderUnicode{–}
    }%
   {\usepackage[utf8]{inputenc}}
  \usepackage[english]{babel}
  \usepackage[T1]{fontenc}
  \usepackage{float}
  \usepackage[]{ucs}
  \uc@dclc{8421}{default}{\textbackslash }
  \uc@dclc{10100}{default}{\{}
  \uc@dclc{10101}{default}{\}}
  \uc@dclc{8491}{default}{\AA{}}
  \uc@dclc{8239}{default}{\,}
  \uc@dclc{20154}{default}{ }
  \uc@dclc{10148}{default}{>}
  \def\textschwa{\rotatebox{-90}{e}}
  \def\textJapanese{}
  \def\textChinese{}
  \IfFileExists{tipa.sty}{\usepackage{tipa}}{}
\fi
\def\exampleFont{\ttfamily\small}
\DeclareTextSymbol{\textpi}{OML}{25}
\usepackage{relsize}
\RequirePackage{array}
\def\@testpach{\@chclass
 \ifnum \@lastchclass=6 \@ne \@chnum \@ne \else
  \ifnum \@lastchclass=7 5 \else
   \ifnum \@lastchclass=8 \tw@ \else
    \ifnum \@lastchclass=9 \thr@@
   \else \z@
   \ifnum \@lastchclass = 10 \else
   \edef\@nextchar{\expandafter\string\@nextchar}%
   \@chnum
   \if \@nextchar c\z@ \else
    \if \@nextchar l\@ne \else
     \if \@nextchar r\tw@ \else
   \z@ \@chclass
   \if\@nextchar |\@ne \else
    \if \@nextchar !6 \else
     \if \@nextchar @7 \else
      \if \@nextchar (8 \else
       \if \@nextchar )9 \else
  10
  \@chnum
  \if \@nextchar m\thr@@\else
   \if \@nextchar p4 \else
    \if \@nextchar b5 \else
   \z@ \@chclass \z@ \@preamerr \z@ \fi \fi \fi \fi
   \fi \fi  \fi  \fi  \fi  \fi  \fi \fi \fi \fi \fi \fi}
\gdef\arraybackslash{\let\\=\@arraycr}
\def\@textsubscript#1{{\m@th\ensuremath{_{\mbox{\fontsize\sf@size\z@#1}}}}}
\def\Panel#1#2#3#4{\multicolumn{#3}{){\columncolor{#2}}#4}{#1}}
\def\abbr{}
\def\corr{}
\def\expan{}
\def\gap{}
\def\orig{}
\def\reg{}
\def\ref{}
\def\sic{}
\def\persName{}\def\name{}
\def\placeName{}
\def\orgName{}
\def\textcal#1{{\fontspec{Lucida Calligraphy}#1}}
\def\textgothic#1{{\fontspec{Lucida Blackletter}#1}}
\def\textlarge#1{{\large #1}}
\def\textoverbar#1{\ensuremath{\overline{#1}}}
\def\textquoted#1{‘#1’}
\def\textsmall#1{{\small #1}}
\def\textsubscript#1{\@textsubscript{\selectfont#1}}
\def\textxi{\ensuremath{\xi}}
\def\titlem{\itshape}
\newenvironment{biblfree}{}{\ifvmode\par\fi }
\newenvironment{bibl}{}{}
\newenvironment{byline}{\vskip6pt\itshape\fontsize{16pt}{18pt}\selectfont}{\par }
\newenvironment{citbibl}{}{\ifvmode\par\fi }
\newenvironment{docAuthor}{\ifvmode\vskip4pt\fontsize{16pt}{18pt}\selectfont\fi\itshape}{\ifvmode\par\fi }
\newenvironment{docDate}{}{\ifvmode\par\fi }
\newenvironment{docImprint}{\vskip 6pt}{\ifvmode\par\fi }
\newenvironment{docTitle}{\vskip6pt\bfseries\fontsize{22pt}{25pt}\selectfont}{\par }
\newenvironment{msHead}{\vskip 6pt}{\par}
\newenvironment{msItem}{\vskip 6pt}{\par}
\newenvironment{rubric}{}{}
\newenvironment{titlePart}{}{\par }

\newcolumntype{L}[1]{){\raggedright\arraybackslash}p{#1}}
\newcolumntype{C}[1]{){\centering\arraybackslash}p{#1}}
\newcolumntype{R}[1]{){\raggedleft\arraybackslash}p{#1}}
\newcolumntype{P}[1]{){\arraybackslash}p{#1}}
\newcolumntype{B}[1]{){\arraybackslash}b{#1}}
\newcolumntype{M}[1]{){\arraybackslash}m{#1}}
\definecolor{label}{gray}{0.75}
\def\unusedattribute#1{\sout{\textcolor{label}{#1}}}
\DeclareRobustCommand*{\xref}{\hyper@normalise\xref@}
\def\xref@#1#2{\hyper@linkurl{#2}{#1}}
\begingroup
\catcode`\_=\active
\gdef_#1{\ensuremath{\sb{\mathrm{#1}}}}
\endgroup
\mathcode`\_=\string"8000
\catcode`\_=12\relax

\usepackage[a4paper,twoside,lmargin=1in,rmargin=1in,tmargin=1in,bmargin=1in,marginparwidth=0.75in]{geometry}
\usepackage{framed}

\definecolor{shadecolor}{gray}{0.95}
\usepackage{longtable}
\usepackage[normalem]{ulem}
\usepackage{fancyvrb}
\usepackage{fancyhdr}
\usepackage{graphicx}
\usepackage{marginnote}

\renewcommand{\@cite}[1]{#1}


\renewcommand*{\marginfont}{\itshape\footnotesize}

\def\Gin@extensions{.pdf,.png,.jpg,.mps,.tif}

  \pagestyle{fancy}

\usepackage[pdftitle={Volume XV Issue IV Version I Year 2015},
 pdfauthor={}]{hyperref}
\hyperbaseurl{}

	 \paperwidth210mm
	 \paperheight297mm
              
\def\@pnumwidth{1.55em}
\def\@tocrmarg {2.55em}
\def\@dotsep{4.5}
\setcounter{tocdepth}{3}
\clubpenalty=8000
\emergencystretch 3em
\hbadness=4000
\hyphenpenalty=400
\pretolerance=750
\tolerance=2000
\vbadness=4000
\widowpenalty=10000

\renewcommand\section{\@startsection {section}{1}{\z@}%
     {-1.75ex \@plus -0.5ex \@minus -.2ex}%
     {0.5ex \@plus .2ex}%
     {\reset@font\Large\bfseries}}
\renewcommand\subsection{\@startsection{subsection}{2}{\z@}%
     {-1.75ex\@plus -0.5ex \@minus- .2ex}%
     {0.5ex \@plus .2ex}%
     {\reset@font\Large}}
\renewcommand\subsubsection{\@startsection{subsubsection}{3}{\z@}%
     {-1.5ex\@plus -0.35ex \@minus -.2ex}%
     {0.5ex \@plus .2ex}%
     {\reset@font\large}}
\renewcommand\paragraph{\@startsection{paragraph}{4}{\z@}%
     {-1ex \@plus-0.35ex \@minus -0.2ex}%
     {0.5ex \@plus .2ex}%
     {\reset@font\normalsize}}
\renewcommand\subparagraph{\@startsection{subparagraph}{5}{\parindent}%
     {1.5ex \@plus1ex \@minus .2ex}%
     {-1em}%
     {\reset@font\normalsize\bfseries}}


\def\l@section#1#2{\addpenalty{\@secpenalty} \addvspace{1.0em plus 1pt}
 \@tempdima 1.5em \begingroup
 \parindent \z@ \rightskip \@pnumwidth 
 \parfillskip -\@pnumwidth 
 \bfseries \leavevmode #1\hfil \hbox to\@pnumwidth{\hss #2}\par
 \endgroup}
\def\l@subsection{\@dottedtocline{2}{1.5em}{2.3em}}
\def\l@subsubsection{\@dottedtocline{3}{3.8em}{3.2em}}
\def\l@paragraph{\@dottedtocline{4}{7.0em}{4.1em}}
\def\l@subparagraph{\@dottedtocline{5}{10em}{5em}}
\@ifundefined{c@section}{\newcounter{section}}{}
\@ifundefined{c@chapter}{\newcounter{chapter}}{}
\newif\if@mainmatter 
\@mainmattertrue
\def\chaptername{Chapter}
\def\frontmatter{%
  \pagenumbering{roman}
  \def\thechapter{\@roman\c@chapter}
  \def\theHchapter{\roman{chapter}}
  \def\thesection{\@roman\c@section}
  \def\theHsection{\roman{section}}
  \def\@chapapp{}%
}
\def\mainmatter{%
  \cleardoublepage
  \def\thechapter{\@arabic\c@chapter}
  \setcounter{chapter}{0}
  \setcounter{section}{0}
  \pagenumbering{arabic}
  \setcounter{secnumdepth}{6}
  \def\@chapapp{\chaptername}%
  \def\theHchapter{\arabic{chapter}}
  \def\thesection{\@arabic\c@section}
  \def\theHsection{\arabic{section}}
}
\def\backmatter{%
  \cleardoublepage
  \setcounter{chapter}{0}
  \setcounter{section}{0}
  \setcounter{secnumdepth}{2}
  \def\@chapapp{\appendixname}%
  \def\thechapter{\@Alph\c@chapter}
  \def\theHchapter{\Alph{chapter}}
  \appendix
}
\newenvironment{bibitemlist}[1]{%
   \list{\@biblabel{\@arabic\c@enumiv}}%
       {\settowidth\labelwidth{\@biblabel{#1}}%
        \leftmargin\labelwidth
        \advance\leftmargin\labelsep
        \@openbib@code
        \usecounter{enumiv}%
        \let\p@enumiv\@empty
        \renewcommand\theenumiv{\@arabic\c@enumiv}%
	}%
  \sloppy
  \clubpenalty4000
  \@clubpenalty \clubpenalty
  \widowpenalty4000%
  \sfcode`\.\@m}%
  {\def\@noitemerr
    {\@latex@warning{Empty `bibitemlist' environment}}%
    \endlist}

\def\tableofcontents{\section*{\contentsname}\@starttoc{toc}}
\parskip0pt
\parindent1em
\def\Panel#1#2#3#4{\multicolumn{#3}{){\columncolor{#2}}#4}{#1}}
\newenvironment{reflist}{%
  \begin{raggedright}\begin{list}{}
  {%
   \setlength{\topsep}{0pt}%
   \setlength{\rightmargin}{0.25in}%
   \setlength{\itemsep}{0pt}%
   \setlength{\itemindent}{0pt}%
   \setlength{\parskip}{0pt}%
   \setlength{\parsep}{2pt}%
   \def\makelabel##1{\itshape ##1}}%
  }
  {\end{list}\end{raggedright}}
\newenvironment{sansreflist}{%
  \begin{raggedright}\begin{list}{}
  {%
   \setlength{\topsep}{0pt}%
   \setlength{\rightmargin}{0.25in}%
   \setlength{\itemindent}{0pt}%
   \setlength{\parskip}{0pt}%
   \setlength{\itemsep}{0pt}%
   \setlength{\parsep}{2pt}%
   \def\makelabel##1{\upshape ##1}}%
  }
  {\end{list}\end{raggedright}}
\newenvironment{specHead}[2]%
 {\vspace{20pt}\hrule\vspace{10pt}%
  \phantomsection\label{#1}\markright{#2}%

  \pdfbookmark[2]{#2}{#1}%
  \hspace{-0.75in}{\bfseries\fontsize{16pt}{18pt}\selectfont#2}%
  }{}
      \def\TheFullDate{2015 2015-05-15 (revised: Year 2015 15 May 2015)}
\def\TheID{\makeatother }
\def\TheDate{2015 2015-05-15}
\title{Volume XV Issue IV Version I Year 2015}
\author{}\makeatletter 
\makeatletter
\newcommand*{\cleartoleftpage}{%
  \clearpage
    \if@twoside
    \ifodd\c@page
      \hbox{}\newpage
      \if@twocolumn
        \hbox{}\newpage
      \fi
    \fi
  \fi
}
\makeatother
\makeatletter
\thispagestyle{empty}
\markright{\@title}\markboth{\@title}{\@author}
\renewcommand\small{\@setfontsize\small{9pt}{11pt}\abovedisplayskip 8.5\p@ plus3\p@ minus4\p@
\belowdisplayskip \abovedisplayskip
\abovedisplayshortskip \z@ plus2\p@
\belowdisplayshortskip 4\p@ plus2\p@ minus2\p@
\def\@listi{\leftmargin\leftmargini
               \topsep 2\p@ plus1\p@ minus1\p@
               \parsep 2\p@ plus\p@ minus\p@
               \itemsep 1pt}
}
\makeatother
\fvset{frame=single,numberblanklines=false,xleftmargin=5mm,xrightmargin=5mm}
\fancyhf{} 
\setlength{\headheight}{14pt}
\fancyhead[LE]{\bfseries\leftmark} 
\fancyhead[RO]{\bfseries\rightmark} 
\fancyfoot[RO]{}
\fancyfoot[CO]{\thepage}
\fancyfoot[LO]{\TheID}
\fancyfoot[LE]{}
\fancyfoot[CE]{\thepage}
\fancyfoot[RE]{\TheID}
\hypersetup{citebordercolor=0.75 0.75 0.75,linkbordercolor=0.75 0.75 0.75,urlbordercolor=0.75 0.75 0.75,bookmarksnumbered=true}
\fancypagestyle{plain}{\fancyhead{}\renewcommand{\headrulewidth}{0pt}}

\date{}
\usepackage{authblk}

\providecommand{\keywords}[1]
{
\footnotesize
  \textbf{\textit{Index terms---}} #1
}

\usepackage{graphicx,xcolor}
\definecolor{GJBlue}{HTML}{273B81}
\definecolor{GJLightBlue}{HTML}{0A9DD9}
\definecolor{GJMediumGrey}{HTML}{6D6E70}
\definecolor{GJLightGrey}{HTML}{929497} 

\renewenvironment{abstract}{%
   \setlength{\parindent}{0pt}\raggedright
   \textcolor{GJMediumGrey}{\rule{\textwidth}{2pt}}
   \vskip16pt
   \textcolor{GJBlue}{\large\bfseries\abstractname\space}
}{%   
   \vskip8pt
   \textcolor{GJMediumGrey}{\rule{\textwidth}{2pt}}
   \vskip16pt
}

\usepackage[absolute,overlay]{textpos}

\makeatother 
      \usepackage{lineno}
      \linenumbers
      
\begin{document}

             \author[1]{Belayneh Kefale  Gelaw}

             \affil[1]{  Ambo University}

\renewcommand\Authands{ and }

\date{\small \em Received: 7 April 2015 Accepted: 4 May 2015 Published: 15 May 2015}

\maketitle


\begin{abstract}
        


Introduction: Injection is an infusion method of putting drugs or fluids in to the body with a hollow needle and a syringe. The use of injection for treatment accompanied with variety of disadvantages including sepsis at administration, risk of tissue toxicity, costly difficulties in correcting the error. Injections are very expensive compared to other dosage forms and require trained personnel for administration. Moreover, unhygienic use of injections can increase the risk of transmission of potentially serious pathogens, such as hepatitis, HIV/AIDS, and blood-borne diseases. It is estimated by the WHO that about 16 billion injections are undertaken in developing countries annually and are often irrationally used.Objective: The present study was aimed to assess the prescription pattern of injections in Adama Hospital Medical College.

\end{abstract}


\keywords{injection medicine, prescribing pattern, prescribers, prescription, adama.}

\begin{textblock*}{18cm}(1cm,1cm) % {block width} (coords) 
\textcolor{GJBlue}{\LARGE Global Journals \LaTeX\ JournalKaleidoscope\texttrademark}
\end{textblock*}

\begin{textblock*}{18cm}(1.4cm,1.5cm) % {block width} (coords) 
\textcolor{GJBlue}{\footnotesize \\ Artificial Intelligence formulated this projection for compatibility purposes from the original article published at Global Journals. However, this technology is currently in beta. \emph{Therefore, kindly ignore odd layouts, missed formulae, text, tables, or figures.}}
\end{textblock*}


\let\tabcellsep& 	 	 		 
\section[{I. Introduction a) Background}]{I. Introduction a) Background}\par
njection is an infusion method of administering drugs or fluids into the body with a hollow needle and a syringe. The uses of injectable drugs have many disadvantages including sepsis at administration, risk of tissue toxicity, costly difficulties in correcting the error. Injections are very expensive compared to other dosage forms and require skilled personnel for administration. Apart from this, unhygienic use of injections can enhance the hazard of transmission of potentially serious pathogens, such as hepatitis, HIV/AIDS, and blood-borne diseases \hyperref[b0]{[1]}. According to WHO report about 16 billion injections are undertaken in developing countries annually \hyperref[b1]{[2]}.\par
Injectable drugs are often irrationally used. Use of Drugs involves the prescribing, dispensing and the interaction between the prescriber and the patient. These behaviors include the process of making a diagnosis, prescribing, dispensing, and use of drugs by the patient \hyperref[b2]{[3]}.\par
According to World Health Organization (WHO) definition the rational use of injectable drugs requires that patient receive the right medications at the right dose, right frequency and duration of therapy and in the lowest cost that could be afford by them and their community. Rational use of drugs is also one indispensible element in achieving quality of health and medical care for patients and the community as a whole \hyperref[b4]{[5]}.\par
According to a study done in the northern, central, eastern, western and southern areas of Tehran in 1999, the average prescription injectbable drugs for each encounter was equivalent to 3.6 which 39\% of it consisted of injection medicines \hyperref[b5]{[6]}. Another study conducted in Tehran revealed that the average prescribed items were equivalent to 2.85 and at least one injection item was among 28.96\% of them \hyperref[b6]{[7]}.\par
Rational prescription could be achieved if the prescribers have access to an essential drugs list and the essential drugs are available on a regular basis. In the absence of such facility-related factors, the risk of irrational prescribing could raise several folds. Irrational use of drugs is presently a major health problem in medical practice whose consequences include ineffective treatment, unnecessary prescription of drugs particularly antimicrobials and injections, development of resistance to antibiotics, adverse effects and economic burden on both patients and society. It has been estimated that 50\% or more expenditure on medicines is being wasted through irrational prescribing, dispensing and usage \hyperref[b7]{[8]}. 
\section[{b) Statement of the Problem}]{b) Statement of the Problem}\par
Globally, it is anticipated that more than 30\% of injections prescribed, dispensed or sold improperly. Irrational use of injection has been found to be a frequent problem in various parts of the world, especially in developing countries. Irrational prescription of injection medicines is also one of the common problems of medical treatments in developing countries \hyperref[b1]{[2]}. Nonetheless, overuse of injection medicines is an additional current health problem in developing countries, On top of this, the practice of irrational prescribing is a global major problem of health care delivery. However, this problem is most commonly pronounced in developing countries where health budgets are small and 30 -40 \% of the total health budget is spent on drugs \hyperref[b7]{[8]}. c 
\section[{e) Inclusion and exclusion criteria i. Inclusion criteria ? All prescription containing injectable drugs.}]{e) Inclusion and exclusion criteria i. Inclusion criteria ? All prescription containing injectable drugs.}\par
Prescription of injectable drugs carries all necessary information, such as name, age, and address of the patient together with a brief diagnosis of the condition targeted by the drug treatment. However, most prescription did not contain this information \hyperref[b8]{[9]} ii.  
\section[{? Socio demographic characteristics h) Data collection process}]{? Socio demographic characteristics h) Data collection process}\par
The data was collected by four trained data collectors (pharmacy Graduating class students) using pretested data collection formats. Data was collected from the prescription paper. The collected data was checked for completeness and consistency before processing. 
\section[{i) Data quality control}]{i) Data quality control}\par
The quality and completeness of the data was checked by the principal investigator. Pretest was performed as a part of training and the data collectors were guided by the investigators. 
\section[{j) Data processing and data analyzing}]{j) Data processing and data analyzing}\par
Data were complied, analyzed and summarized then interpreted by using tables or graphs.\par
The collected data were carefully analyzed by using calculator manually. 
\section[{k) Ethical approval}]{k) Ethical approval}\par
Ethical clearance was obtained from Ethical Review Board of College of Medicine and Health Sciences of Ambo University to conduct this study. 
\section[{l) Operational Definitions}]{l) Operational Definitions}\par
? Prescriber: Any medical practitioner who is authorized/licensed to write prescription. ? Injectable drugs: Are drugs which were administered parenteral route. ? Prescription: Is a written form of communication between any authorized body and pharmacists to dispense drugs. ? Poly pharmacy: Is when the prescription contains three or more drugs at once. ? Injection: Is an infusion method of putting drugs or fluids in to the body with a hollow needle and a syringe. 
\section[{IV. Results}]{IV. Results} 
\section[{a) Patient related information}]{a) Patient related information}\par
During the study period five hundred (500) encounters were successfully evaluated. The percentage of prescriptions containing name of the patient, sex, age, address, date and card number were 490 (98\%), 395 (79\%), 405 (81\%), 250 (50\%), 300 (60\%) and 480 (96\%) respectively (Figure \hyperref[fig_0]{1}).  Among the individual prescribed injections ceftriaxone (10.4\%) and diclofenac (8.8\%) were highly prescribed (Table \hyperref[tab_4]{3}). Regarding the number of drugs per encounter 25\%, 50\%, 15\% and 10\% of the prescription were prescribed with one, two, three and four drugs respectively (Fig. 2).   
\section[{V. Discussions}]{V. Discussions}\par
In appropriate prescription of injectable drugs might reduce the quality of medical care, patient safety, and leads to wastage of resources. An encounter provides an insight into a prescriber's attitude to the diseases being treated and the nature of health care delivery system in the community.\par
According to this study, 490 (98\%) prescription papers contain name of patients. This was comparable when compared with a study conducted in Nigeria for which 99.86\% of the prescriptions contained patients name \hyperref[b8]{(9)}. Even if the figure is low 10 (2\%), it might have created problem during dispensing of the right drug to the right patient, and wrong drug might have been given to wrong patient.\par
In this study, about 105 (21\%), 95 (19\%), 250 (50\%), 200 (40\%) and 20 (4\%) prescriptions did not contain patients sex, age, address, date and card number respectively. When compared with study done in Health facilities in North Ethiopia, prescriptions which did not contain any information on patient address (6.02\%), age (2\%), and sex (4.03\%) were higher in this study. But figures for sex, age and address were lower in this study when compared with another study in hospital pharmacy in Saudi Arabia and France which showed prescriptions that did not contained age, and sex were 22.7 and 49.7\%, and no prescription contained patient address  {\ref (4 ,9)}.\par
Regarding to prescriber related information, only 38\%, 13\% and 96\% of the prescription papers were names, qualification and signature of the prescribers specified respectively.\par
About 310 (62\%) prescriptions did not contain name and 435 (87\%) did not specify the qualification of prescribers, but all most all prescriptions (96\%) were signed. This was different from a study done in hospital pharmacy in Saudi Arabia where 83.3\%, 9.6\% and 81.9\% of the prescriptions contained name, qualification and signature for the prescribers, respectively and in France where full name and signature was written only for 7.8\% of prescriptions \hyperref[b3]{(4,}\hyperref[b8]{9)}.\par
Of a total of 600 prescribed drug products, the most commonly prescribed drugs were antibiotics (25.7\%), ant pains (20\%) and diuretics (11\%) (Table2).\par
The percentage of drugs prescribed by generic names at AHMC was 96\% which approaches the Standard value set by WHO (100\%) and higher than the national value reported by Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia Ministry of Health (FDREMOH) in 2003(87\%). However, lesser value was reported in India (48.5\%) \hyperref[b9]{[10]}.This might be because of prescribers well trained, experienced, and qualified.\par
In this study, from a total of 600 injectable drugs prescribed, the average number of drugs per encounter was 1.2; this is lower when compared with the standard (1.6-1.8). The value from this study is also much lower Year 2015© 2015 Global Journals Inc. (US)\par
Volume XV Issue IV Version I ( ) B as compared with the study conducted in Hawassa University Hospital, which was 1.9 \hyperref[b0]{[1]}.This might be so due to prescribers qualification and experience. Essential drugs offer a cost-effective solution to many health problems in developing countries. The national EDL were selected regarding to disease frequency, affordability, with assured quality and availability in appropriate dosage forms. Regarding the percentage of drugs prescribed in AHMC from the essential drug list was 94.7\%, which is less than the ideal value of 100\% set by WHO, and other studies results reported by Desalegn in 2013 from Hawassa university hospital (96.6\%) \hyperref[b0]{[1]} and Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia Ministry of Health (FMOH) national report in 2003 (99\%). This may be due to lack of awareness of Essential Drug List and deficiency of availability of Essential Drug List.\par
In this study about 582(97\%) of drugs were prescribed with its frequency and about 18(3\%) were not prescribed with its frequency. This is comparable with study conducted in Iran for which 96.5\% and 17.3\% of the drugs were prescribed with correct and incorrect frequency, respectively. The present study raveled that analgesics were the second most commonly prescribed drugs group in this health facility. This may be so due to patients demand and the primary instinct of pain alleviation by prescribers. However, higher values of 64.3 and 41 \% have been reported from other studies in Nigeria \hyperref[b10]{[11,}\hyperref[b11]{12]}. Vitamins were prescribed in 7 \% of encounters in this study. This figures is much lower than those found in the India study where 62.9 \% of prescriptions had vitamins prescribed \hyperref[b10]{[11]}. This may be so due to patients' low demand of vitamins.\par
In this study all drugs (100\%) were prescribed in correct strength. This was different from the study conducted in Nigeria where 84\% of drugs were prescribed by correct strength. This difference is might be due to prescribers experience toward writing the correct strength of drugs \hyperref[b11]{[12]}.\par
From a total of prescribed drugs about 15(2.5\%) and 9(1.5\%) were prescribed as over and under dose. This is was different from study done Iran hospital for which over and under dose was 5.01\% and 8.5\%, respectively. This may be because of variation in prescribers' knowledge and experience on drug dose \hyperref[b12]{[13]}. 
\section[{VI. Conclusion}]{VI. Conclusion}\par
Most of the injectable drugs were prescribed in their generic name even if a few of them were prescribed in brand form. The percentage of injectable antibiotics prescribed was high which could contribute for drug resistance and all of the prescriptions found with no diagnosis. Some prescriptions missed relevant information especially with regard to patient and prescriber related information. Based on the findings of this study, the prescribing practice for injection exhibited deviation from the standard recommended by WHO and prescribing in generic name were found to be a problem in this study. 
\section[{VII. Recommendation}]{VII. Recommendation}\par
Based on the result the following recommendations were forwarded. ? Prescribers: All of the drugs should be prescribed in their generic name and it is better if the diagnosis is written on the prescription because it helps for the pharmacists to ensure that the drugs prescribed are appropriate for the patient condition. ? Ministry of Health: There is a clear need for medical education programs which could rationalize the prescribing of injection and the prescribers should clearly complete information on the prescriptions. Authors' contribution BKG; carried out the research drafting, design, statistical analysis and interpretation as well as coordinating all activities in the research, AF; participate in the sequence alignment and drafted a manuscript, GTT; participates in the design of the study and performs statistical analysis, ADD; participate in the design, analysis and interpretation of the research, JLL; participated in literature review, identified the research design issues, participated in coordination, and reviewed the manuscript. 
\section[{Competing interest}]{Competing interest} 
\section[{None declared}]{None declared} 
\section[{VIII. Acknowledgement}]{VIII. Acknowledgement}\par
Authors would like to acknowledge the financial support of Ambo University.\begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{1}\includegraphics[]{image-2.png}
\caption{\label{fig_0}Figure 1 :}\end{figure}
  \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{} \par 
\begin{longtable}{P{0.3742728184553661\textwidth}P{0.46848044132397193\textwidth}P{0.007246740220661985\textwidth}}
\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{? To determine the percentage of injections}\\
\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{prescribed by generic name per encounter.}\\
\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{? To determine the type of drugs commonly}\\
\tabcellsep prescribed.\tabcellsep \\
\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{III. Methods and Materials}\\
\tabcellsep a) Study area\tabcellsep \\
\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{Adama Hospital Medical College is located in}\\
\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{the Middle East Ethiopia, Oromia Regional state, in}\\
\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{Adama town 99km from Addis Ababa to the South East.}\\
\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{It was established in 1946 by Italian missionaries. The}\\
\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{hospital was named as Hailemariam Mamo memorial}\\
\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{hospital little bit after establishment, but its name was}\\
\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{changed to Adama Referral Hospital in mean time and}\\
\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{now it renamed as Adama Hospital Medical College by}\\
\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{Oromia regional state health bureau after it start to teach}\\
\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{accelerated medicine, Emergency surgery and some}\\
) Significance of the study ? Most prescription of injectable drugs do not full fill the requirement information on the prescription paper such as patient related information, drug related information and prescriber related information. The finding of this study would enable to improve such problems and to fill the gap that observed on the prescription pattern of inject able\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{Specialty in 2011.b) Study period ? Study was conducted from March 24, 2015 to May 24, 2015.}\\
drugs. ? The data regarding pattern of injection use in the AHMC is still lacking or scarce. This study is thus initiated to fill such information gaps by\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{c) Study design ? A prospective cross sectional study was done to assess prescription pattern.}\\
determining the pattern of injection use in the\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{d) Source population and Study population}\\
hospital.\tabcellsep i. Source population\tabcellsep \\
? This study will also provide a base line data for\tabcellsep ? All available prescription\tabcellsep in the outpatient\\
policy makers and also initiate other researchers on\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{Pharmacy department during the study period.}\\
this topic.\tabcellsep ii. Study population\tabcellsep \\
II. Objective a) General objective\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{? All prescription containing injectable drugs during the study period.}\\
? To assess prescription pattern of injectable drugs in\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\
AHMC.\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\
b) Specific objective\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\
? To assess the percentage of injectable drugs per\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\
prescription\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \end{longtable} \par
 
\caption{\label{tab_0}}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{} \par 
\begin{longtable}{P{0.85\textwidth}}
f) Sampling size\\
? A total of 500 encounters containing injectable\\
drugs were successfully evaluated during the study\\
period.\\
g) Measurements\\
i. Dependent variables\\
? Number of injectable drugs per prescription\\
? Number of injectable drugs prescribed by generic\\
name\\
? Prescription pattern of injectable drugs\\
ii. Independent variables\end{longtable} \par
 
\caption{\label{tab_1}}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{1} \par 
\begin{longtable}{P{0.4216180371352785\textwidth}P{0.3607427055702918\textwidth}P{0.0676392572944297\textwidth}}
Prescriber related information\tabcellsep Frequency\tabcellsep Percentage (\%)\\
Name of the prescriber\tabcellsep 190\tabcellsep 38 \%\\
Qualification\tabcellsep 65\tabcellsep 13 \%\\
Signature\tabcellsep 480\tabcellsep 96 \%\\
c) Drug related information\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{commonly prescribed therapeutic class was injectable}\\
Six hundred (600) injectable drugs were\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{antibiotics 154 (25\%), anti pains 120 (20\%) and diuretics}\\
prescribed during the study period and the most\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{66 (11\%) respectively (Table 2)}\end{longtable} \par
 
\caption{\label{tab_2}Table 1 :}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{2} \par 
\begin{longtable}{P{0.0711297071129707\textwidth}P{0.42322175732217576\textwidth}P{0.12092050209205021\textwidth}P{0.23472803347280333\textwidth}}
S.NO\tabcellsep Class of injectable drugs\tabcellsep Frequency\tabcellsep Percentage (\%)\\
1\tabcellsep Anti biotic\tabcellsep 154\tabcellsep 25 \%\\
2\tabcellsep Anti pain\tabcellsep 120\tabcellsep 20 \%\\
3\tabcellsep Diuretics\tabcellsep 66\tabcellsep 11 \%\\
4\tabcellsep Corticosteroid\tabcellsep 54\tabcellsep 9 \%\\
5\tabcellsep Respiratory drugs\tabcellsep 54\tabcellsep 9 \%\\
6\tabcellsep Vitamins\tabcellsep 42\tabcellsep 7 \%\\
7\tabcellsep GIT\tabcellsep 36\tabcellsep 96\%\\
8\tabcellsep Cardiovascular\tabcellsep 36\tabcellsep 6 \%\\
9\tabcellsep CNS\tabcellsep 24\tabcellsep 4 \%\\
10\tabcellsep Others\tabcellsep 14\tabcellsep 2.3 \%\\
Total\tabcellsep \tabcellsep 600\tabcellsep 100 \%\end{longtable} \par
 
\caption{\label{tab_3}Table 2 :}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{3} \par 
\begin{longtable}{P{0.48\textwidth}P{0.10666666666666666\textwidth}P{0.2633333333333333\textwidth}}
Prescribed injection\tabcellsep Frequency\tabcellsep Percentage (\%)\\
Cefriaxone\tabcellsep 52\tabcellsep 10.4 \%\\
Diclofenac\tabcellsep 44\tabcellsep 8.8 \%\\
Insulin\tabcellsep 40\tabcellsep 8 \%\\
Metronidazole\tabcellsep 41\tabcellsep 8.2 \%\\
Gentamicin\tabcellsep 38\tabcellsep 7.6 \%\\
Ampicilin\tabcellsep 34\tabcellsep 6.8 \%\\
Cloxacilin\tabcellsep 28\tabcellsep 5.6 \%\\
Furosemide\tabcellsep 26\tabcellsep 5.2 \%\\
Penicillin G Benzanthin\tabcellsep 20\tabcellsep 4 \%\\
Vitamin B complex\tabcellsep 18\tabcellsep 3.6 \%\\
Total\tabcellsep 341\tabcellsep 68.2 \%\end{longtable} \par
 
\caption{\label{tab_4}Table 3 :}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{4} \par 
\begin{longtable}{P{0.2715654952076677\textwidth}P{0.06517571884984025\textwidth}P{0.07332268370607029\textwidth}P{0.048881789137380185\textwidth}P{0.12492012779552715\textwidth}P{0.055670926517571884\textwidth}P{0.024440894568690093\textwidth}P{0.09369009584664537\textwidth}P{0.040734824281150155\textwidth}P{0.051597444089456865\textwidth}}
Class of drug\tabcellsep \tabcellsep Dose\tabcellsep \tabcellsep Strength\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{Frequency}\tabcellsep \multicolumn{3}{l}{Duration of treatment}\\
\tabcellsep Over\tabcellsep Under\tabcellsep Optimum\tabcellsep Correct\tabcellsep Yes\tabcellsep No\tabcellsep Long\tabcellsep Short\tabcellsep Optimum\\
Anti pain\tabcellsep -\tabcellsep -\tabcellsep 120\tabcellsep 120\tabcellsep 118\tabcellsep 2\tabcellsep -\tabcellsep -\tabcellsep 120\\
Corticosteroid\tabcellsep 1\tabcellsep 3\tabcellsep 50\tabcellsep 54\tabcellsep 54\tabcellsep -\tabcellsep -\tabcellsep 1\tabcellsep 53\\
Vitamins\tabcellsep -\tabcellsep -\tabcellsep 42\tabcellsep 42\tabcellsep 40\tabcellsep 2\tabcellsep -\tabcellsep 3\tabcellsep 39\\
GIT\tabcellsep -\tabcellsep -\tabcellsep 36\tabcellsep 36\tabcellsep 36\tabcellsep -\tabcellsep -\tabcellsep -\tabcellsep 36\\
Antibiotics\tabcellsep 10\tabcellsep 4\tabcellsep 14o\tabcellsep 154\tabcellsep 144\tabcellsep 10\tabcellsep 2\tabcellsep 2\tabcellsep 150\\
Diuretics\tabcellsep -\tabcellsep -\tabcellsep 66\tabcellsep 66\tabcellsep 66\tabcellsep -\tabcellsep -\tabcellsep -\tabcellsep 66\\
Respir. Drugs\tabcellsep 3\tabcellsep 1\tabcellsep 50\tabcellsep 54\tabcellsep 54\tabcellsep -\tabcellsep -\tabcellsep -\tabcellsep 54\\
CVS\tabcellsep -\tabcellsep 1\tabcellsep 35\tabcellsep 36\tabcellsep 36\tabcellsep -\tabcellsep -\tabcellsep -\tabcellsep 36\\
CNS\tabcellsep -\tabcellsep 1\tabcellsep 23\tabcellsep 24\tabcellsep 22\tabcellsep 2\tabcellsep -\tabcellsep -\tabcellsep 24\\
Others\tabcellsep -\tabcellsep -\tabcellsep 14\tabcellsep 14\tabcellsep 12\tabcellsep 2\tabcellsep -\tabcellsep -\tabcellsep 14\\
Total\tabcellsep 15(2.5)\tabcellsep 9(1.5)\tabcellsep 576(96)\tabcellsep 600(100)\tabcellsep 582(97)\tabcellsep 18(3)\tabcellsep 2(0.3)\tabcellsep 6(1)\tabcellsep 592(98.7)\\
Class of drugs\tabcellsep \multicolumn{3}{l}{Prescribed by generic name}\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{Written in short (abbreviation)}\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \multicolumn{3}{l}{Written for proper diagnosis}\\
Anti pain\tabcellsep \tabcellsep 120\tabcellsep \tabcellsep -\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep -\tabcellsep \\
Corticosteroids\tabcellsep \tabcellsep 54\tabcellsep \tabcellsep -\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep -\tabcellsep \\
Vitamins\tabcellsep \tabcellsep 42\tabcellsep \tabcellsep -\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep -\tabcellsep \\
GIT\tabcellsep \tabcellsep 36\tabcellsep \tabcellsep -\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep -\tabcellsep \\
Antibiotics\tabcellsep \tabcellsep 134\tabcellsep \tabcellsep 20\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep -\tabcellsep \\
Diuretics\tabcellsep \tabcellsep 62\tabcellsep \tabcellsep -\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep -\tabcellsep \\
Respiratory drugs\tabcellsep \tabcellsep 54\tabcellsep \tabcellsep -\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep -\tabcellsep \\
CVS\tabcellsep \tabcellsep 36\tabcellsep \tabcellsep -\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep -\tabcellsep \\
CNS\tabcellsep \tabcellsep 24\tabcellsep \tabcellsep -\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep -\tabcellsep \\
Others\tabcellsep \tabcellsep 10\tabcellsep \tabcellsep 4\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep -\tabcellsep \\
Total\tabcellsep \tabcellsep 572(96)\tabcellsep \tabcellsep 24(4)\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep -\tabcellsep \end{longtable} \par
 
\caption{\label{tab_5}Table 4 :}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{} \par 
\begin{longtable}{P{0.85\textwidth}}
Acronyms\\
AHMC: Adama Hospital Medical College\\
ARVT: Anti Retro viral Therapy Pharmacy\\
EDL: Essential Drug List\\
EP: Emergency Pharmacy\\
ID: Inject able Drugs\\
IP: Inpatient Pharmacy\\
OP: Outpatient Pharmacy\\
OPD: Out Patient Department\\
WHO: World Health Organization\end{longtable} \par
 
\caption{\label{tab_6}?}\end{figure}
 		 		\backmatter  			  				\begin{bibitemlist}{1}
\bibitem[Binu et al. ()]{b7}\label{b7} 	 		‘A Retrospective Analysis of Prescribing Practice Based on WHO Prescribing Indicators at Four Selected Hospitals of West Ethiopia’.  		 			M Binu 		,  		 			R Sabbu 		,  		 			K Surendra 		,  		 			D Hire 		.  	 	 		\textit{East and Central African Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences}  		2013. 16 p. .  	 
\bibitem[Meskarpour-Amiri and Dopeykar ()]{b12}\label{b12} 	 		‘A Study on the Factors Affecting the Prescription of Injection Medicines in Iran: A’.  		 			Mohammad Meskarpour-Amiri 		,  		 			Nooredin Dopeykar 		.  	 	 		\textit{Policy Making Approach. Global Journal of Health Science}  		2015.  	 	 (Parisa Mehdizadeh Ali Ayoubian \& Zahra Motaghed) 
\bibitem[Desalegn ()]{b0}\label{b0} 	 		‘Assessment of drug use pattern using WHO prescribing indicators at Hawassa University teaching and referral hospital’.  		 			A Desalegn 		.  	 	 		\textit{East Med. Health}  		2013. 13 p. .  	 
\bibitem[Mosleh et al. ()]{b6}\label{b6} 	 		‘Drug prescription based on WHO indicators: Tehran University of medical sciences facilities with pharmacy’.  		 			A Mosleh 		,  		 			S Darbooy 		,  		 			S Khoshnevis Ansari 		,  		 			M Mohammadi 		.  	 	 		\textit{Tehran University Medical Journal}  		2008. 65  (14)  p. .  	 
\bibitem[Fadare ()]{b11}\label{b11} 	 		‘Drug Prescription Pattern in a Nigerian Tertiary Hospital’.  		 			Igbiks Tamunoand Joseph O Fadare 		.  	 	 		\textit{Tropical Journal of Pharmaceutical Research}  		2012. 11  (1)  p. .  	 
\bibitem[Francois et al. ()]{b3}\label{b3} 	 		‘Evaluation of prescription writing quality in France University Hospital quality health care’.  		 			P Francois 		,  		 			E Chirpaz 		,  		 			L J Bontemps 		,  		 			J Bassonsicalop 		.  	 	 		\textit{Clin. Perform. Qual. Health}  		1997. 5  (3)  p. .  	 
\bibitem[Guide lines for implementing drug utilization review programs in hospitals. Accessed date ()]{b4}\label{b4} 	 		\textit{Guide lines for implementing drug utilization review programs in hospitals. Accessed date},  		July7, 2011.  	 
\bibitem[Kermode and Muani ()]{b10}\label{b10} 	 		‘Injection practices in the formal \& informal healthcare sectors in rural north India’.  		 			M Kermode 		,  		 			V Muani 		.  	 	 		\textit{Indian J Med Res}  		2006. 124 p. .  	 
\bibitem[Kermode and Muani ()]{b9}\label{b9} 	 		‘Injection prescribing pattern in India’.  		 			M Kermode 		,  		 			V Muani 		.  	 	 		\textit{Indian J Med Res}  		2003. 134 p. .  	 
\bibitem[Pattern of drug prescription Dubai hospital ()]{b2}\label{b2} 	 		\textit{Pattern of drug prescription Dubai hospital},  		 \url{/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc2687907/\{3\}accesseddateJune12}  		2011. United Arab Emirates.  	 
\bibitem[Physicians medication prescribing in primary care in Riyadh City, Saud Arabia ()]{b8}\label{b8} 	 		\textit{Physicians medication prescribing in primary care in Riyadh City, Saud Arabia},  		2004. 112 p. .  	 	 (Literature review: variation in drug prescribing) 
\bibitem[Hakim and Nikzad ()]{b5}\label{b5} 	 		‘Status of prescription and drug usage in Tehran’.  		 			\& Hakim 		,  		 			A Nikzad 		.  	 	 		\textit{J prev med public health}  		2004. 45 p. .  	 
\bibitem[what are injection drugs.htm. Accessed date ()]{b1}\label{b1} 	 		\textit{what are injection drugs.htm. Accessed date},  		 \url{http/www.wisegeek.com}  		July13-201.  	 
\end{bibitemlist}
 			 		 	 
\end{document}
