Effectiveness of in-Situ Generated Monochloramine for the Control of Legionella in a Real Industrial Cooling Tower

Maria Anna Coniglio

Authors

Maria Anna Coniglio

Keywords:

legionella sp; in-situ formed monochlorammine; industrial cooling tower

Abstract

The aim of the study was to determine the effectiveness of in-situ-formed monochloramine for the control of Legionella growth in a real cooling tower system. The cooling tower utilizes an industrial water (makeup) made of by blending industrial raw water and decarbonated raw water. A generator device injecting in-situ-formed monochloramine into the cooling system was installed. The detection of Legionella, heterotrophic plate count (HPC -22°C) and continuous monitoring of oxidation reduction potential (ORP) were carried out to check the efficacy of monochloramine. Water samples were monthly collected for 6 months from the makeup, two collecting basins and the blow-down. Monochloramine was injected at 4 mg/L for 60 days to achieve a mean residual concentration of 0.145 mg/L in the blow-down. Over time, at the same pumping rates, a greater monochloramine residual was achieved so the dosage was decreased at 2.5 mg/L. L. pneumophila decreased from an initial load >10.000 cfu/L to undetectable levels and remained stable till the end of the experimental period while HPC decreased slowly (mean count

Downloads

How to Cite

Effectiveness of in-Situ Generated Monochloramine for the Control of Legionella in a Real Industrial Cooling Tower. (2015). Global Journal of Medical Research, 15(17), 9-15. https://medicalresearchjournal.org/index.php/GJMR/article/view/

Download Citation

References

Chien SH, Chowdhury I, Hsieh MH, Dzombak VA, Vidic RD (2012) Control of biological growth in recirculating cooling systems using treated secondary effluent as makeup water with monochloramine. 46(19), 6508-6518. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2012.09.027

M. Coniglio, S. Melada, Mohamed Yassin (2015) Monochloramine for controlling Legionella in biofilms: how much we know?. 1, 44.

Engelhart S, Pleischl S, Lück C, Marklein G, Martin S, Simon A, Exner M (2008) Hospital-acquired legionellosis originating from a cooling tower during a period of thermal inversion. 211(3-4), 235-240. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheh.2007.07.022

Ming‐kai Hsieh, Heng Li, Shih‐hsiang Chien, Jason Monnell, Indranil Chowdhury, David Dzombak, Radisav Vidic (2010) Corrosion control when using secondary treated municipal wastewater as alternative makeup for cooling tower systems. 82(12), 2346-2356. https://doi.org/10.2175/106143010x12681059117094

(1988) Water Quality Detection and Enumeration of Legionella.

(1988) Water Quality. Enumeration of Viable.

Microorganisms. Colony Count by Inoculation in or on a Solid Medium.

H. Jenner, Cjl Taylor, M. van Donk, M. Khalanski (1997) Chlorination by-products in chlorinated cooling water of some European coastal power stations. 43(4), 279-293. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0141-1136(96)00091-8

Heng Li, Shih-Hsiang Chien, Ming-Kai Hsieh, David Dzombak, Radisav Vidic (2011) Escalating water demands for energy production and the potential for use of treated municipal wastewater. 45(10), 4195-4200. https://doi.org/10.1021/es1040305

Heng Li, Ming-Kai Hsieh, Shih-Hsiang Chien, Jason Monnell, David Dzombak, Radisav Vidic (2011) Control of mineral scale deposition in cooling systems using secondarytreated municipal wastewater. 45(2), 748-760. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2010.08.052

M. Ludensky (2005) Microbiological Control in Cooling water Systems. 121-139. https://doi.org/10.1007/1-4020-2818-0

Kph Meesters, J. Van Groenestijn, J. Gerritse (2003) Biofouling reduction in recirculating cooling systems through biofiltration of process water. 37(3), 525-532. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0043-1354(02)00354-8

Melada S, Coniglio MA (2015) Monochloramine for Remediation of Legionella Only in Domestic Hot Water Systems: An Iron Fist in a Velvet Glove. 5, 47-60.

E. Nebot, J. Casanueva, T. Casanueva, D. Sales (2007) Model for fouling deposition on power plant steam condensers cooled with seawater: Effect of water velocity and tube material. 50(17-18), 3351-3358. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2007.01.022

Nieuwenhuijsen MJ, Toledano MB, Eaton NE, Fawell J, Elliot P (2000) Chlorination disinfection byproducts in water and their association with adverse reproductive outcomes: a review. 57(2), 73-85. https://doi.org/10.1136/oem.57.2.73

Daniel Rubio, José Casanueva, Enrique Nebot (2015) Assessment of the antifouling effect of five different treatment strategies on a seawater cooling system. 85, 124-134. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2015.03.080

René Schwarzenbach, Beate Escher, Kathrin Fenner, Thomas Hofstetter, C. Johnson, Urs von Gunten, Bernhard Wehrli (2006) The Challenge of Micropollutants in Aquatic Systems. 313(5790), 1072-1077. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1127291

W. Thomas, J. Eccles, C. Fricker (1999) Laboratory observations of biocide efficiency against Legionella in model cooling tower systems. 3-4.

I. Turetgen (2004) Comparison of the Efficacy of Free Residual Chlorine and Monochloramine against Biofilms in Model and Full Scale Cooling Towers. 20(2), 81-85. https://doi.org/10.1080/08927010410001710027

M. van Schalkwyk, A. Maartens, P. Allison, P. Mathe, R. Augustyn, G. Snyman (2010) Recovery of industrial effluent: case history of membrane biofouling and the successful treatment with alternating non-oxidising and oxidising biocide. 273-223.

Sandra Walser, Doris Gerstner, Bernhard Brenner, Christiane Höller, Bernhard Liebl, Caroline Herr (2014) Assessing the environmental health relevance of cooling towers - A systematic review of legionellosis outbreaks. 217(2-3), 145-154. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheh.2013.08.002

Victor Yu (2008) Cooling towers and legionellosis: A conundrum with proposed solutions. 211(3-4), 229-234. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheh.2008.02.003