Chromosomes and Cytogenetics of Trematodes

Tanveer A. Sofi

Authors

Tanveer A. Sofi

Keywords:

diplozoon; schzothorax; karyotype; kashmir; metacentric; acrocentric; telocentric; subtelocentric

Abstract

Here we review the literature from 1902 to 2015 and the current status of knowledge of the chromosomes and cytogenetics within the family species of trematodes. Karyological data are discussed and tabulated for 278 species of trematodes. Numerous species of trematodes points towards the continued efforts in this field of research. The present study also revealed new data on chromosome complements of diplozoid parasites, namely Diplozoon Kashmirensis Kaw, 1950 from Schizothorax esocinus; Diplozoon aegyptensis Fischthal et Kuntz, 1963 from Schizothorax plagiostomum; Diplozoon guptai Fayaz and Chishti, 1999 from Schizothorax curvifrons and one digenean i.e., Clinostomum schizothoraxi Kaw, 1950 from S. curvifrons which included one metacentric (no. 1); two submetacentric (no.s 2 and 3); three subtelocentric (no.s 4; 5 and 6) and four acrocentric (no.s 7, 8; 9 and 10) chromosome pairs. All the three species of Diplozoon species are characterized by the same number of chromosomes i.e., 2n=14 in which D. kashmirensis is characterized by seven pairs of long (up to 14.13 μm) chromosomes and all chromosome pairs are acrocentric.

Downloads

How to Cite

Chromosomes and Cytogenetics of Trematodes. (2016). Global Journal of Medical Research, 16(11), 11-39. https://medicalresearchjournal.org/index.php/GJMR/article/view/

Download Citation

References

Agatsuma T, Habe S (1985) Electrophoretic studies on enzymes of diploid and triploid Paragonimus westermani. 91, 489-97.

O. Aleksandrova, G. Podgornova (1978) Taxonomic analysis of Pegosomum asperum and Pegosomum saginatum (Trematoda: Echinostomatidae). 12, 413-417.

М. Anderson, Proterometra Horsfall (1933) Trans Amer Micr. 54, 271.

K. Atkinson (1980) Chromosome analysis of Schistosoma rodhaini (Trematoda: Schistosomatidae) Can J Genet. 22, 143-147.

A. Avenant-Oldewage, L. le Roux, S. Mashego, B. van Vuuren (2014) E.; Mashego S N and Jansen van Vuuren, B 2014 Paradiplozoon ichthyoxanthon n sp (Monogenea: Diplozoidae) from Labeobarbus aeneus (Cyprinidae) in the Vaal River, South Africa. 88(2), 166-172. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0022149x12000879

J. Baer, L. Euzet (1961) Classe des Monogenes, Monogenoidea Bychowsky In: Grasse PP (ed) Traite de Zoologie Anatomie, Systématique, Biologie IV Plathelminthes, Mesozoaires, Acanthocephales, Nemertiens. 243-325.

J. Barsiene, G. Stanyavichyute (1993) Karyotypes of Trichobilharzia szidati and Bilharzieha polvnicu (Schistosomatidae, Trematoda). 27, 41-47.

J. Barsiene (1990) Chromosome sets of trematodes Parafasciolopsis fasciolaemorpha (Ejsmont, 1932) and Cathemasia hians (Rudolphi, 1809) Looss, 1899. 27(3), 145-152.

J. Barsiene (1991) Barsiene, J. 1991a. Karyological studies of trematodes within genus Echinoparyphium (Echinostomatidae). 2.

J. Barsiene (1932) 1991b Karyotypes of Paramphistomum sp., Cathaemasia hians (Rudolphi, 1809) Looss, 1899, Sphaeridiotrema globulus (Rudolphi, 1819) and Azygia lucii (Szidat, 1932) Ekologija. 2, 21-27.

J. Barsiene (1991) 1991c Chromosome sets of Tylodelphys clavata, Tylodelphys excavata and Posthodiplostomum cuticola (Diplostomatidae, Trematoda) from freshwater snails Angew. 32, 87-92.

J. Barsiene (1992) The chromosome set of Apatemon minor and Apatemon sp. (Trematoda) with description of tetraploid embryos. 32, 87-92.

J. Barsiene (1993) The karyotypes of trematodes.

J. Barsiene, B. Grabda-Kazubska (1988) a. A comparative study on chromosomes in plagiorchiid trematodes. I. Karyotypes of Opisthioglyphe ranae (Frolich, 1791), Haplometra cylindracea (Zeder, 1800) and Leptophallus nigrovenosus (Belingham, 1844. 33(4), 249-257.

J. Barsiene, B. Grabda-Kazubska (1988) A comparative study on chromosomes in plagiorchiid trematodes II Karyotypes of Plagriorchis sp., Haematoloechus similis Looss, 1899, and Haematoloechus asper Looss, 1899 Acta Parasitol. 33(4), 259-265.

J. Barsiene, B. Grabda-Kazubska (1991) A comparative study on chromosomes in plagiorchiid trematodes III Karyotypes of Paralepoderma progeneticum (Buttner, 1951) and Omphalometra flexuosum (Rudolphi, 1809) Acta Parasitol. 36, 19-21.

J. Barsiene, B. Grabda-Kazubska (1991) Chromosome sets of Diplodiscus subclavatus (Pallas, 1760) and Notocotylus noyeri Joyeux, 1922 (Trematoda) Acta Parasitol. 36, 1-3.

J. Barsiene, B. Grabda-Kazubska (1991) Karyotypes of Pleurogenes claviger (Rudolphi, 1819) and Pleurogenoides medians (Olsson, 1876) (Trematoda, Pleurogenidae) Acta Parasitol. 36, 13-15.

J. Barsiene, V. Kise1iene (1909) Karyological studies of Echinoparyphium aconiatum (Dietz, 1909), Hypoderaeum conoideum (Blanch.

Dietz (1909) Neoacanthoparyphium echinatoides (Filippi, 1854) Odening, 1962 (Trematoda: Echinostomatidae). 35, 271-276.

J. Barsiene, V. Kiseliene (1990) Karyological studies of trematodes within the families Psilostomidae and Echinochasmidae. 27, 99-108.

J. Barsiene, V. Kiseliene (1991) Karyological studies of trematodes within the genus Echinostoma Acta Parasitol. 36, 23-29.

J. Barsiene, G. Staneviciute (1991) A comparative karyological study of trematodes within the genus Diplostomum. 28, 31-36.

J. Barsiene, G. Stanyavichyute, O. Oriovskaya (1989) Karyological investigations on trematodes of the family Schistosomatidae in North-West Chukotka. 23, 496-503.

J. Barsiene, V. Kiseliene, B. Grabda-Kazubska (1990) Karyotypes of Isthmiophora melis (Schrank, 1788) and Moliniella anceps (Molin, 1858) (Trematoda: Echinostomatidae) Acta Parasitol. 35, 265-269.

J. Barsiene, V. Roca, G. Tapia, J. Martin (1995) Chromosome Analysis of Two Digenean Species of the Families Heterophyidae and Monorchiidae (Trematoda). 55(3), 149-154.

J. Barsiene, G. Staneviciute, K. Niewiadomska, V. Kiseliene (1937) a. Chromosome sets of Diplostomum paracaudum (Lies, 1959) Shigin 1977 and Diplostomum baeri (Dubois. 35(2), 107-112.

P. Barton (1960) Gametogenesis and fertilization in the frog lung fluke, Haematoloechus medioplexus Stafford (Trematoda: Plagiorchiidae). 107, 93-122.

Andrew Bell, C. Sommerville, D. Gibson (1998) S.; Sommerville, C and Gibson, D I 1998 Karyological studies on three strigeid digeneans: Ichthyocotylurus erraticus (Rudolphi, 1809), I variegatus (Creplin, 1825) and Apatemon gracilis (Rudolphi, 1819). 41(3), 169-178. https://doi.org/10.1023/a:1006051403991

M. Benazzi, G. Benazzi-Lentati (1976) Benazzi, M. and Benazzi-Lentati, G. 1976. Platyhelminthes. Animal cytogenetics. Ed. B. John. Berlin. 1, 182.

V. Birstein (1990) First contribution to karyology of two acoels (Turbellaria) and a dinophilid (Annelida) Biol. 109, 169-174.

V. Birstein, N. Mikhailova (1990) On the karyology of trematodes of the genus Microphallus and their intermediate gastropod host, Littorina saxatilis II. Karyological study of Littorina saxatilis (Gastropoda: Prosobranchia).

D. Blair (2000) Genomes of Paragonimus westermani and related species: current state of knowledge. 30(4), 421-426. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0020-7519(99)00187-3

Jacques Bovet (1967) Contribution à la morphologie et à la biologie de diplozoon paradoxum V.Nordmann, 1832. 3, 64-159. https://doi.org/10.35662/unine-thesis-531

H. Britt (1947) Chromosomes of digenetic Trematodes Amer. 81, 276-296.

P. Burton (1960) Gametogenesis and fertilization in the frog lung fluke, Haematoloechus medioplexus Stafford (Trematoda: Plagiorchiidae). 107, 93-122.

J. Cable, P. Harris (2002) Gyrodactylid developmental biology: historical review, current status and future trends Int J. 32(3), 255-280. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0020-7519(01)00330-7

R. Cable (1931) Studies on the Germ-cell Cycle of Cryptocotyle lingua Creplin: 1. Gametogenesis in the Adult. 74, 563-589.

R. Cable (1974) Phylogeny and taxonomy of the trematodes with reference to marine species In W A Vernberg (ed.), Symbiosis in the Sea Univ. 173-193.

L. Cannon (1971) The life cycles of Bunodera sacculata and B. luciopercae (Trematoda: Allocreadiidae) in Algonquin Park, Ontario. 49, 1417-1429.

I. Chattopadhyay, Buddhadeb Manna (1987) Chromosome study of Isoparorchis hypselobagri Billet, 1898 (Digenea: Hemiuridae). 61(4), 346-347. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0022149x00010282

P. Chen (1937) The germ cell cycle in the trematode, Paragonimus kellicotti Ward Trans Amer Micros. 56, 208.

H. Churchill (1950) Germ cell cycle of Echinostoma revolutum (Froelich, 1802) J. 36, 15-20.

H. Ciordia (1949) Cytological Study of Rhopalias macracanthus Chandler, 1932, a Trematode from the Opossum, Didelphis virginiana. 35, 417.

H. Ciordia (1950) The chromosomes of Notocotylus filamentis Barker, 1915, a monostome from the muskrat (Fiber zibethicus). 69, 64-65.

H. Ciordia (1956) Cytological Studies of the Germ Cell Cycle of the Trematode Family Bucephalidae. 75, 103.

Civanova, M. K.; Koyun (2013) The molecular and morphometrical description of a new diplozoid species from the gills of the Garra rufa (Heckel, 1843) (Cyprinidae) from Turkey-including a commentary on taxonomic division of Diplozoidae. 112(8), 3053-3062. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00436-013-3480-6

X. Dai (1990) Dai, X. 1990. Karyotype analysis of Fasciolopsis buski. J. Chongquin Med. 4, 11.

V. Dhaг, G. Sharma (1984) Behaviour of chromosomes during gametogenesis and fertilization in Paradistomoides orientalis (Digenea: Trematoda). 37(3), 207-218.

O. Dhingra (1954) Taxonomic values of chromosomes and cytoplasmic inclusions in a digenetic trematode-Phyllodistomum spatula. 51, 101-109.

O. Dhingra (1954) Gametogenesis and fertilization in Isoparorchis eurytremum Res Bull Panjab. 44, 21-24.

O. Dhingra (1955) Spermatogenesis of a digenetic trematode Gastrothylax cruminifer Res Bull. 65, 11-17.

O. Dhingra (1955) Spermatogenesis of a digenetic trematode Cotylophoron elongatum Res Bull. 64, 1-10.

M. Dingler (1910) Uber die Spermatogeneso des Dicrocoelium lanceolatum. 4, 672-712.

E. Fried, B. (1974) Fi1ippоne, E. J. and Fried, B. 1974. The chromosome number of Leucochloridiomorpha constantiae (Trematoda). J. 60, 929.

B. Fried (1975) The chromosome number of Philophthalmus hegeneri Penner, Fried, 1963 (Trematoda). 42(2), 197.

L. Gao (1985) Observation of meiosis of Fasciolopsis buski. 7(2), 22-23.

Gao, M. Q.; Chen (2007) X.; Yao, W J.; Gao, Y.; Song, Y.; Wang, G T.; Wang, M X and Nie, P 2007 Phylogeny of diplozoids in five genera of the subfamily Diplozoinae Palombi, 1949 as inferred from ITS-2 rDNA sequences. 134(5), 695-703. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0031182006001971

GaoLongsheng, YouShaoyang, ChenShanlong, YuHaisin, Wumengjin XiaoJianhua (1985) Studies on the karyotype of Schistosoma japonicum. 3(1), 29-31.

R. Goldschmidt (1905) Eireifung und Befruchtung und Embryonalentwicklung des Zoogonus minis Lss. 21.

R. Goldschmidt (1908) Uber das Verhalten des Chromatins bei der Eireifung und Befruchtung des Dicrocoelium lanceolatum. 1.

V. Gregoire (1909) La reduction dans le Zoogonus mirus Lss. ct la Primartypus. 25, 85-99.

R. Gresson (1964) Oogenesis in the hermaphroditic Digenea (Trematoda). 54(3), 409-421. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0031182000082469

R. Gressоn (1958) The gametogenesis of the digenetic trematode Sphaerostoma bramae (Müller) Lühe. 48(3-4), 293-302. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0031182000021260

A. Grossman, G. Cain (1981) Karyotypes and chromosome morphologies of Megalodiscus temperatus and Philophthalmus gralli. 55(1), 71-78. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0022149x00025499

A. Grossman, R. Mckenzie, G. Cain (1980) Sex Heterochromatin in Schistosoma mansoni. 66(2), 368. https://doi.org/10.2307/3280847

Abraham Grossman, Robert Short, George Cain (1981) I.; Short, R B and Cain, G D 1981a Karyotype evolution and sex chromosome differentiation in Schistosomes (Trematoda, Schistosomatidae). 84(3), 413-430. https://doi.org/10.1007/bf00286030

A. Grossman (1981) Somatic chromosomes of Schistosoma rodhaini, Schistosoma matthei and Schistosoma intercalatum. 67, 41-44.

H. Guilford (1955) Gametogenesis in Heronimus chelydrae Trans Amer mic. 74, 182.

H. Guilford (1961) Gametogenesis, Egg-Capsule Formation, and Early Miracidial Development in the Digenetic Trematode Halipegus eccentricus Thomas. 47(5), 757.

Andrea Gustinelli, Monica Caffara, Daniela Florio, Elick Otachi, Euty Wathuta, Maria Fioravanti (2010) O.; Wathuta, E U.; Fioravanti, M L 2010 First description of the adult stage of Clinostomum cutaneum Paperna, 1964 (Digenea: Clinostomidae) from grey herons Ardea cinerea L and a redescription of the metacercaria from the Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus niloticus (L.) in Kenya Syst. 76(1), 39-51. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11230-010-9231-5

P. Harris (1974) Observations on the development of the male reproductive system in Gyrodactylus gasterostei Gläser, 1974 (Monogenea, Gyrodactylidae). 91, 519-529.

HeLian-Yin, Zhong Hui-lan, Gao Pei-Zhi, Xu LLi Hao- hong, Zhi-biao (1982) Preliminary studies on chromosomes of 9 species and subspecies of lung fluke in China. 95(6), 404-408.

L. Henneguy (1902) Sur la Formation de l'CEuf, la Maturation et la Fecondation de l'Oocyte chez lo Distomum hepaticum. 134.

Hirai, H.; Sakakuchi, S. Y.; Habe (1985) C-banding analysis of six species of lung flukes,Paragonimus spp. (Trematoda: Platyhelminthes), from Japan and Korea. 71(5), 617-629. https://doi.org/10.1007/bf00925595

H. Ieyma, F. Оzаki (1987) Оzаki, F 1987 Chromosomes of two species in Cercaria parasitized on the clam, Ruditapes philippinarum Chromosome Inform. 43, 27-28.

A. Iha (1975) Cytogenetics, evolution and systematics of Digenea (Trematoda: Platyhelminthes) Egypt J Genet. 4, 201-233.

A. Jones (1956) The chromosomes of a species of Halipegus Looss, 1899 (Digenea: Hemiuridae) J Tenn Acad. 31, 186-187.

A. Jones, Т. Mayer (1953) W and Mayer, Т C 1953 The chromosomes of Spirorchis magnitestis Byrd, 1939 (Trematoda, Digenea) J Tenn Acad. 28, 125-134.

A. Jones (1945) W.; Mounts, B W and Wо1соtt, G В 1945 Macravestibulum kepneri n sp.; a morphological and cytological study of a pronocephalid trematode J. 77(3), 285-297. https://doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1050770302

Worasak Kaewkong, Kanokwan Imtawil, Wanchai Maleewong, Pewpan Intapan, Pusadee Sri-aroon, Sopit Wongkham, Chaisiri Wongkham (2012) M.; Sri-aroon, P and Wongkham, S 2012 Genome size estimation of liver fluke Opisthorchis viverrini by real-time polymerase chain reaction based method. 61(1), 77-80. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.parint.2011.06.025

G. Kahlil (1968) Germinal development in Philophthalmus megalurus (Cort, 1914) (Trematoda: Digenea) Z Parasitenkd. 31, 211-231.

I. Khotenovsky (1985) Fauna of the USSR. Monogenea.

C. Komalamisra (2005) Chromosomes and Chromosome Breakage in the Lung Fluke, Paragonimus heterotremus. 28, 69-72.

Y. Koroleva (1968) Karyological study on several species of Monogenea of the genus Diplozoon. 179, 739-741.

Y. Koroleva (1968) New data on karyology of some species of the genus Diplozoon. 2, 294-296.

Y. Koroleva (1969) Karyology of some species of Diplozoon. 3, 411-414.

Koskova, E.; Spakulova, M.; Koubkova, B.; M (2011) Comparative karyological analysis of four diplozoid species (Monogenea, Diplozoidae), gill parasites of cyprinid fishes Parasitol. 108, 935-941.

Lei Changqiu, Wang Pengpeng, Song Changeun (1985) Preliminary studies on the karyotype of Euparagonimus cenocopiosus Chen, 1962. 3(1), 32-34.

Albert Levan, Karl Fredga, Avery Sandberg (1964) NOMENCLATURE FOR CENTROMERIC POSITION ON CHROMOSOMES. 52(2), 201-220. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1601-5223.1964.tb01953.x

G. Li, J. Jin, P. Wang (1988) O.; Jin, J S and Wang, P Y 1988 A study on the chromosomes of Fasciola hepatica Chinese J Veter Sci. 6, 11-16.

Teh Lin (1954) The chromosomal cycle in parascaris equorum (Ascaris megalocephala): Oogenesis and diminution. 6(1), 175-198. https://doi.org/10.1007/bf01259939

P. LoVerde (1978) Chromosomes in the evolution of Platyhelminthes.

P. LoVerde (1979) Chromosomes of two species of Paragonimus Trans Am Microsc. 98, 280.

P. Loverde, D. Frederickse (1978) The Chromosomes of Cotylogaster occidentalis and Cotylaspis insignis (Trematoda: Aspidogastrea) with Evolutionary Considerations. 45(2), 158-161.

P. LoVerde, R. Kuntz (1981) Chromosome numbers of some Schistosomes. 67, 726.

R. Madhavi, J. Ramanjaneulu (1986) Observation on chromosomes and gametogenesis of Transversotrema patialense (Trematoda). 12, 245-252.

R. Madhavi, J. Ramanjaneyulu (1988) Chromosomes ofAtrophecaecum Burminis(Bhalerao, 1926) (Trematoda: Acanthostomidae). 41(3-4), 341-346. https://doi.org/10.1080/00087114.1988.10797874

E. Markell (1943) Gametogenesis and egg-shell formation in Probolitrema californiense Stunkard, 1935 (Trematoda: Gorgoderidae) Trans Am Microsc. 62, 27.

Iveta Matejusová, Milan Gelnar, Alastair McBeath, Catherine Collins, Carey Cunningham (2001) J A.; Collins, C M and Cunningham, C O 2001 Molecular markers for gyrodactylids (Gyrodactylidae: Monogenea) from five fish families (Teleostei) Int J. 31(7), 738-745. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0020-7519(01)00176-x

I. Matejusová, B. Koubková, C. Cunningham (2004) IDENTIFICATION OF EUROPEAN DIPLOZOIDS (MONOGENEA, DIPLOZOINAE) BY RESTRICTION DIGESTION OF THE RIBOSOMAL RNA INTERNAL TRANSCRIBED SPACER. 90(4), 817-822. https://doi.org/10.1645/ge-138r

E. Matthieson (1904) Ein Beitrag zur Embryologie der Susswasserdendrocoelen. 77, 274-361.

I. Miyazaki (1978) Two types of the lung fluke which has been called Paragonimus westermani (Kerbert, 1878). 5, 251-269.

N. Moriyama (1982) 1982a Karyological studies of bovine pancreatic flukes (Eurytrema sp.) and their phenotypes J. 68(5), 898.

N. Moriyama (1982) 1982b Taxonomical studies of Japanese bovine pancreatic flukes (Eurytrema sp.) Jap J. 31(2), 67-79.

N. Moriyama, M. Tsuji, T. Seto (1979) Three karyotypes and their phenotypes of Japanese liver flukes (Fasciola sp) Jpn J. 28, 23-33.

T. Mutafova, I. Kanev (1983) Studies on the karyotype of the echinostome Echinostoma barbosai Lie et Basch, 1966 (Trematoda: Echinostomatidae) from Bulgaria. 16, 42-46.

T. Mutafova, I. Kanev (1984) Studies on the karyotype of Echinoparyphium aconiatum Diez, 1909 (Trematoda: Echinostomatidae). 17, 37-40.

T. Mutafova, I. Kanev (1986) Studies on the karyotype of Echinostoma revolutum (Frolich, 1802) and Echinostoma echinatum (Zeder, 1803) (Trematoda: Echinostomatidae). 22, 37-41.

T. Mutafova (1901) 1983a Studies on the karyotype of Paramphistomum microbothrium Fischoeder, 1901. 16, 37-41.

T. Mutafova (1983) 1983b Morphology and behavior of the acrocentric chromosomes in the karyotype of Philophthalmus sp during mitosis Helminthology (Bulg.). 15, 57-62.

T. Mutafova, I. Kanev (1996) Cytological study of Rubenstrema exasperatum (Trematoda: Omphalometridae) Int J. 26, 1405-1406.

T. Mutafova, S. Komandarev (1976) On the Karyotype of a Laboratory Trichinella Strain from Bulgaria Z. 48, 247-250.

T. Mutafova, K. Niewiadomska (1988) The morphology of chromosomes of Diplostomum pseudospathaceum Niewiadomska, 1984 (Diplostomidae) karyotype Acta Parasitol. 33, 83-88.

T. Mutafova, I. Kanev, I. Vassilev (1909) Comparative karyological investigation of Echinoparyphium aconiatum Dietz, 1909 and Echinoparyphium recuriatum (Linstow 1873) Dietz, 1909 (Trematoda: Echinosomatidae) Helminthology (Bulg.). 24, 32-36.

T. Mutafova, N. Tsocheva, O. Polyakova-Krsteva, L. Krstev (1986) Effect of diethylnitrosamin on the chromosome structure of rats infected with Fasciola hepatica and on that of the liver fluke. 22, 42-50.

Т. Mutafova, K. Niewiadomska (1988) The morphology of chromosomes of Diplostomum pseudospathaceum Niewiadomska, 1984 (Digenea, Diplostomatidae) karyotype Acta Parasitol. 33(2), 83-88.

S. Niyamasena (1940) Chromosomen und Geschlecht bei Bilharzia mansoni Ztschr Parasitenk. 11, 690-701.

G. Park (2000) M.; Im, K.; Huh, S and Yong, T S 2000 Chromosomes of the liver fluke, Clonorchis sinensis Korean J. 38, 201.

G. Park, S. Lee, H. Park, S. Huh (1998) M.; Lee, S U.; Park, H Y and Huh, S 1998 Karyotype analysis of Neodiplostomum seoulense Korean J. 36, 277.

Gab-Man Park, Tai-Soon Yong (2003) Effects of gamma-irradiation on the infectivity and chromosome aberration of Clonorchis sinensis. 41(1), 41. https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2003.41.1.41

W. Pengpeng, L. Changqui, S. Changeun (1986) Karyotype studies on Paragonimus westermani from Shaoxing County, Zhejiang J Parasitol and Parasitic Dis. 4(3), 203-205.

M. Pennypacker (1936) The chromosomes in the maturation of the germ cells of the frog lung fluke, Pneumonoeces medioplexus., Arch Biol. 47, 309-317.

M. Pennypacker (1940) The chromosomes and extranuclear material in the maturing germ cells of a frog lung fluke, Pneumonoeces similiplexus Stafford. 66, 481-495.

K. Perkins (1956) Studies on the Morphology and Biology of Acetodextra amiuri (Stafford) (Trematoda: Heterophyidae). 55, 139.

R. Petkeviciute (2001) 2001b Chromosomes of Aspidogaster conchicola. 75(3), 295-297. https://doi.org/10.1079/joh200050

R. Petkeviciute (2003) Comparative karyological analysis of three species of Bothriocephalus Rudolphi 1808 (Cestoda: Pseudophyllidea). 89, 358-363.

R. Petkeviciute, J. Barsiene (1988) The comparative karyological analysis of three species of trematodes of genus Notocotylus. 22, 21-28.

R. Petkeviciute, E. Leshko (1991) The karyotypes of Triaenophorus nodulosus and T crassus (Cestoda: Pseudophyllidea) Int J. 21, 11-15.

R. Petkeviciute, G. Staneviciute (1999) Karyotypic characterization of Apatemon gracilis. 73, 73-77.

R. Petkeviciute, G. Staneviciute (2008) Comparative karyological analysis of three members of Allocreadiidae (Digenea): taxonomic and phylogenetic implications. 103, 1105-1110.

R. Petkeviciute, G. Stanevieiute, R. Stenko (1990) B.; Stanevieiute, G J and Stenko, R P 1990 Structure of the karyotypes of Opisthioglyphe ranae, Paralepoderma brumpti and Skrjabinoeces sp (Trematoda: Plagiorchiidae) (in Russian). 24, 128-134.

R. Petkeviciute, V. Stunzenas, G. Staneviciute (2011) Clarification of the systematic position of Cercariaeum crassum Wesenberg-Lund, 1934 (Digenea), based on karyological analysis and DNA sequences. 1-9.

R. Petkeviciute, J. Barsiene, V. Mazeika (1989) Cytogenetic characteristics of Notocotylus noyeri Joyeux, 1922 (Trematoda, Notocotylidae). 23, 93-98.

R. Petkeviciute, V. Kiseliene, R. Stenko (1989) Cytogenetic analysis of two populations of Diplodiscus subclavatus (Trematoda, Diplodiscidae). 23, 489-495.

R. Petkeviciute, D. Molloy, G. Staneviciute (2003) Chromosome analysis of Phyllodistomum folium (Trematoda, Gorgoderidae) infecting three European populations of zebra mussels Parasitol. 90, 377-382.

V. Pickel (1942) Chromosomes of a Monogenetic Trematode, Diclybothrium hamulatum (Simer, 1929) Price, 1942. 86(2), 212.

Henry Puente, Robert Short (1985) Redescription of Chromosomes of Schistosomatium douthitti (Trematoda: Schistosomatidae). 71(3), 345. https://doi.org/10.2307/3282017

J. Ramanjaneyulu, R. Madhavi (1969) Occurrence of triploidy and parthenogenesis in the allocreadiid trematode, Allocreadium fasciatusi Kakaji, 1969. 52(10), 502-503.

J. Ramanjaneyulu, R. Madhavi (1984) Cytological investigations on two species of allocreadiid trematodes with special reference to the occurrence of triploidy and parthenogenesis in Allocreadium fasciatusi. 14, 309-316.

K. Rao, Venkat Reddy, P. (1982) Karyological study in the digenetic trematode Notocotylus attenuates Curr. 51, 309-310.

Reblanova, M.; Spakulova, M.; Orosova, E. M.; Bazsalovicsova (2010) A description of karyotype of the giant liver fluke Fascioloides magna (Trematoda, Platyhelminthes) and a review of Fasciolidae cytogenetics Helminthologia, Vol. 2, 69-75.

M. Reblanova, M. Spakulova, M. Orosova, I. Kralova-Hromadova, Eva Bazsalovicsova, D. Rajsky (2011) A comparative study of karyotypes and chromosomal location of rDNA genes in important liver flukes Fasciola hepatica and Fascioloides magna (Trematoda: Fasciolidae). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00436-011-2339-y

P. Reddy, S. Subramanyam (1973) Chromosome studies in the liver fluke, Fasciola gigantica Cobbold, 1856, from Andhra Pradesh Curr. 42, 288-291.

P. Reddy, S. Subramanyam (1975) Chromosome Studies inParamphistomum Cervi Zeder 1970 (Trematoda: Digenea-Paramphistomidae). 28(2), 181-186. https://doi.org/10.1080/00087114.1975.10796608

G. Rees (1937) Studies on the germ cell cycle of the digenetic trematode Parorchis acanthus Nicoll. 65-73.

G. Reese (1939) Studies on the germ cell cycle of the digenetic trematode Parorchis acanthus Nicoll. Part. 1. Anatomy of the genitalia and gametogenesis in the adult. 31, 417-433.

J. Rhee (1987) K.; Eun, G S and Lee, S B 1987 Karyotype of Fasciola sp obtained from Korean cattle Korean J. 25(1), 37.

J. Rhee (1988) K.; Youn, R H and Lee, H I 1988 The karyotype of Fischoederius cobboldi (Poirier, 1883) from Korean cattle Korean J. 26(2), 107.

I. Richard (1987) Vоllz, A 1987 Preliminary data on the chromosomes of Echinostoma caproni Richard, 1964 (Trematoda: Echinostomatidae) Syst. 9(3), 169-172. https://doi.org/10.1007/bf00010850

K. Rohde (1994) Chromosomes of Kuhnia scombri and Kuhnia sprostonae (Monogenea, Polyopisthocotylea, Mazocraeidae). 39, 117-119.

L. Romanenko, N. Pleshanova (1975) Chromosome sets of Fasciola hepatica and Fasciola gigantica. 22, 137-142.

L. Romanenko, A. Shigin (1977) Chromosomal apparatus of trematodes of the general Diplostomum and Tylodelphys (Strigeidida, Diplostomatidae) and its taxonomic significance. 11(6), 530-536.

Y. Sakaguchi (1980) Karyotype and gametogenesis of the common liver fluke, Fasciola sp., in Japan. 29, 507-513.

Y. Sakaguchi, C. Nakagawa (1975) A note on the chromosomes of the common liver fluke (Fasciola sp.) from Japan Chrom Inf. 19, 20-21.

Y. Sakaguchi (1975) Chromosomes of two species of the lung fluke, Paragonimus ohirai and Paragonimus miyazakii Chrom Inf. 19, 21-23.

Y. Sakaguchi, I. Tada (1976) Chromosomes of a lung fluke, Paragonimus westermani Chrom Inf. 20, 23-24.

Y. Sakaguchi, I. Tada (1976) A comparative karyotype study of lung flukes, Paragonimus ohiria and Paragonimus miyazakii Jap J. 25, 5-7.

Y. Sakaguchi, Y. Wakako (1976) A further chromosome study of the common liver fluke (Fasciola sp.) in Japan Chrom Inf. 20, 25-26.

Y. Sakaguchi, I. Tada (1980) Karyotypic studies of lung flukes, Paragonimus iloktsuenensis, Paragonimus sadoensis and Paragonimus westermani. 29, 251-257.

Y. Sakaguchi, W. Yoneda (1976) A further chromosome study of the common liver fluke (Fasciola sp.) in Japan. 20, 25-26.

J. Saksena (1962) Chromosome studies in the digenetic trematodes of the family Paramphistomatidae Proc Nat Acad Sci, India. 32, 177-184.

J. Saksena (1969) Chromosome studies of fifteen species of Indian digenetic trematodes Proc Nat Acad Sci India. 39(1-4), 81-110.

A. Sanderson (1959) VI.-Maturation and Fertilization in Two Digenetic Trematodes, Haplometra cylindracea (Zeder 1800) and Fasciola hepatica (L.). 67, 83-98.

G. Scharma, V. Nakahasi (1974) Studies on the chromosomes of three species of the Indian digenetic trematodes of three species of the Indian digenetic trematodes Proc 3rd Intern Congr Parasitol. 1, 378.

A. Schellenberg (1911) Oogenese, Eireifung und Befruchtung von Fasciola hepatica L. 6, 443-484.

R. Schockaert (1905) La Fecondation et la Segmentation chez le Thysanozoon brocchii. 22, 7-37.

A. Schreiner (1908) JVidenskabs. Selskabets Schrifter. I. Math-Naturw. 8, 1-28.

O. Sey (1971) Gametogenesis in Paramphistomum microbothrium Faschoeder, 1901. 21, 93-106.

A. Sharma, S. Lal (1984) Oogenesis and the chromosomes of Paramphistomum explanatum (Digenea: Trematoda). 36, 14-15.

G. Sharma, V. Nаkhasi (1974) P and Nаkhasi, V 1974 Studies on the chromosomes of three species of the Indian Digenetic trematodes 3rd Intern Congr Parasitol. 376.

G. Sharma, O. Mittal, P. Nadhubala (1968) P.; Mittal, O P and Nadhubala, P 1968 Chromosome studies in the family Paramphistomidae (Digenea-Trematoda) Proc 55th Ind Sci. 472-473.

Short, M. Menzel (1957) Short and Menzel, M. Y. 1957. Chromosomes of Schistosoma mansoni and Ornithobilharzia canaliculata (Trematoda: Schistosomatidae). Assoc. South. Biol. 4, 15.

R. Short (1957) Chromosomes and sex in Schistosomatium douthitti (Trematoda: Schistosomatidae) J. 48, 2-6.

R. Short (1983) Presidential address J. 69(1), 2.

Robert Short, Abraham Grossman (1981) Conventional Giemsa and C-Banded Karyotypes of Schistosoma mansoni and S. rodhaini. 67(5), 661. https://doi.org/10.2307/3280440

R. Short (1986) Chromosomes of Heterobilharzia americana (Digenea: Schistosomatidae) from Texas. 72, 807.

R. Short (1960) Chromosomes of Nine Species of Schistosomes. 4, 213-287.

Robert Short, Margaret Menzel, Sen Pathak (1979) B.; Menzel, M V and Pathak, S 1979 Somatic chromosomes of Schistosoma mansoni. 65(3), 471. https://doi.org/10.2307/3280303

Robert Short, William Teehan, James Liberatos (1987) Chromosomes of Heterobilharzia americana (Digenea: Schistosomatidae), with ZWA Sex Determination, from Louisiana. 73(5), 941. https://doi.org/10.2307/3282516

Robert Short, Margaret Menzel (1959) В and Menzel, M Y 1959 Chromosomes in parthenogenetic miracidia and embryonic cercariae of Schistosomatium douthitti Exper. 8(3), 249-264. https://doi.org/10.1016/0014-4894(59)90024-4

R. Shоrt (1957) CHROMOSOMES AND SEX IN SCHISTOSOMATIUM DOUTHITTI. 48, 2-6.

M. Spakulova, I. Kraova (1991) Chromosomes of Fasciola hepatica (Digenea: Fasciolidae) from western Bohemia (CSFR). 28(4), 197-200.

Spakulova, P. M.; Horak (1996) Karyotype of an avian schistosome Trichobilharzia szidati (Digenea: Schistosomatidae). 26(7), 783-785.

P. Srimuzipo, C. Komalamisra, W. Choochote, A. Jipakdi, P. Vanichthanakom, P. Keha, D. Riyong, K. Sukontason, N. Komalamisra, K. Sukontason, P. Tippawangkosol (2000) Comparative morphometry, morphology of egg and adult surface topography under light and scanning electron microscopies, and metaphase karyotype among three size-races of Fasciola gigantica in Thailand Southeast Asian J Trop Med Publ. 31(2), 366-373.

M. Srivastava, A. Iha (1964) Structure and behaviour of the chromosomes of Paramphistomum crassum Stiles and Goldberger (Trematoda, Digenea).

M. Srivastava, A. Iha (1964) Structure and behaviour of the chromosomes of Isoparorchis hypselobargi Billet, (Trematoda, Digenea, Hemiuridae).

S. Subramanyam, P. Venkat Reddy (1977) The role of chromosomes in the taxonomy of some digenetic trematodes. 20(1 and 2), 128-138.

Sugiyama, H.; Okuda, M.; Matsumoto, M.; Kikuchi, Y. T.; Odagiri (1985) Karyotypic findings of the lung fluke, Paragonimus westermani (Kerbert, 1878), in the Uda Area of Nara Prefecture, Japan Jap J Vet. 47, 889-893.

Stephen Taft, William Legrande (1979) Chromosomes of Cyclocoelum oculeum (Trematoda: Cyclocoelidae). 65(4), 666. https://doi.org/10.2307/3280339

W. Teehan (1989) Mitotic chromosomes of a species of Spirorchis (Trematoda: Spirorchiidae) J Parasitol. 73, 474.

K. Terasaki (1977) Studies on chromosomes of the lung fluke in Japan. 26, 222-229.

K. Terasaki (1978) Chromosome analysis on a South American lung fluke, Paragonimus peruvianus. 27(1), 51-55.

K. Terasaki (1980) Paragonimus westermani westermani. 29, 239-243.

K. Terasaki (1983) Karyotype of a lung fluke, Paragonimus westermani filipinus Miyazaki, 1978. 45(1), 9-14.

K. Terasaki, N. Mоriуama, S. Tani, K. Ishida (1982) Comparative studies on the karyotypes of Echinostoma cinetorchis and hortense (Echinostomatidae: Trematoda) Jap J. 31(6), 569-574.

A. VanDer Woude (1954) Germ cell cycle of Megalodiscus temperatus (Stafford, 1905) Harwood, 1932. (Paramphistomidae: Trematoda). 51, 172-202.

P. Venkat Reddy, S. Subramanyam (1971) Some observation in the digenetic trematode Philophthalmus sp from eagle Curr. 40, 578-580.

P. Venkat Reddy, S. Subramanyam (1973) Chromosome studies in the liver fluke, Fasciola gigantica Cobbold, 1856, from Andhra Pradesh Curr. 42, 288-291.

P. Venkat Reddy, S. Subramanyam (1975) Chromosomes studies in Paramphistomum cervi Zeder 1970 (Trematoda: Digenea - Paramphistomatidae). 28, 181-186.

Venkat Reddy, P. Subramanyam, S. (1937) 1975b Chromosome number of the paramphistome Gigantocotyle explanatum Nasmark, 1937 Cur Sci (India). 44(11), 400-401.

Von Kemnitz, G. (1913) Eibildung, Eireifung, Samenreifung und Befruchtung von Brachyocoelium salamandrae (Brachyocoelium crassicolle Rud) Arch f. 10, 470-506.

F. Wassermann (1913) Die Oogenese des Zoogonus minis Lss Arch f Mik. 83, 1-140.

M. White (1973) The chromosomes.

С. Willey (1951) Gametogenesis, Fertilization and Cleavage in the Trematode, Zygocotyle lunata (Paramphistomidae). 37(3), 283.

S. Willmott (1937) Gametogenesis, and Early Development in Gigantocotyle bathycotyle (Fischoeder, 1901) Näsmark, 1937. 24, 1-14.

A. Woodhead (1931) The germ cell cycle in the trematode family Bucephalidae Trans Amer micr. 50, 169.

A. Woodhead (1931) Germ-Cell Development in the First and Second Generations of Schistosomatium douthitti (Cort, 1914) Price, 1931 (Trematoda: Schistosomatidae). 76, 173.

H. Yin, B. Ye (1990) Studies on the karyotypes of Fasciola spp J Parasitol Parasitic. 8, 124-126.

K. Zadesenets (2012) S.; Katokhin, A V.; Mordvinov, V A and Rubtsov, N B 2012 Comparative cytogenetics of Opisthorchid species (Trematoda, Opisthorchiidae). 61(1), 81-83.