Relationship between COVID-19 and use of Chlorine Dioxide Gas-Releasing Agents in Elementary Schools
Keywords:
chlorine dioxide, COVID-19, infection prevention, elementary school, viral infectivity
Abstract
Chlorine dioxide has an inactivating effect on various types of viruses in vitro, including severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2. Therefore, chlorine dioxide gas can be used as a new preventive measure against coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19). However, no studies have been conducted to investigate the relationship between the incidence of COVID-19 and chlorine dioxide. We retrospectively studied the occurrence of COVID-19 in 164 public elementary schools under the jurisdiction of boards of education located in urban areas in Japan, provided with chlorine dioxide gas-releasing agents or not, from January to March 2022. The odds of developing COVID-19 were lower (odds ratio: 0.934, 95% confidence interval: 0.895-0.975) in schools provided with chlorine dioxide gas-releasing agents than in schools without them. This suggested a relationship between the use of chlorine dioxide-releasing agents and the incidence of COVID-19. Further studies are needed to prove a causal relationship between them.
Downloads
How to Cite
References
Yuta Aizawa, Sayaka Takanashi, Chikara Ogimi (2022) Updates on Coronavirus Disease 2019 in Children in Japan. 41(11), e461-e467.
Kenichi Azuma, Naoki Kagi, Hoon Kim, Motoya Hayashi (2020) Impact of climate and ambient air pollution on the epidemic growth during COVID-19 outbreak in Japan. 190, 110042.
Kenichi Azuma, U Yanagi, Naoki Kagi, Hoon Kim, Masayuki Ogata, Motoya Hayashi (2020) Environmental factors involved in SARS-CoV-2 transmission: effect and role of indoor environmental quality in the strategy for COVID-19 infection control. 25(1), 66.
Nanshan Chen, Min Zhou, Xuan Dong, Jieming Qu, Fengyun Gong, Yang Han, Yang Qiu, Jingli Wang, Ying Liu, Yuan Wei, Jia'an Xia, Ting Yu, Xinxin Zhang, Li Zhang (2020) Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of 99 cases of 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia in Wuhan, China: a descriptive study. 395(10223), 507-513.
V Cheng, S Wong, J Chen, C Yip, V Chuang, O Tsang, S Sridhar, J Chan, P Ho, K Yuen (2020) Escalating infection control response to the rapidly evolving epidemiology of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) due to SARS-CoV-2 in Hong Kong. 41(5), 493-498.
Alex Chin, Julie Chu, Mahen Perera, Kenrie Hui, Hui-Ling Yen, Michael Chan, Malik Peiris, Leo Poon (2020) Stability of SARS-CoV-2 in different environmental conditions. 1(1), e10.
D Gates (1998) The chlorine dioxide handbook. 2.
M Harada (2004) A study of handwashing techniques of early childhood. 3, 97-102.
N Hatanaka, B Xu, M Yasugi, H Morino, H Tagishi, T Miura, T Shibata, S Yamasaki (2021) Chlorine dioxide is a more potent antiviral agent against SARS-CoV-2 than sodium hypochlorite. 118, 20-26.
Sayaka Horiuchi, Haruka Sakamoto, Sarah Abe, Ryoji Shinohara, Megumi Kushima, Sanae Otawa, Hideki Yui, Yuka Akiyama, Tadao Ooka, Reiji Kojima, Hiroshi Yokomichi, Kunio Miyake, Takashi Mizutani, Zentaro Yamagata (2021) Factors of parental COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy: A cross sectional study in Japan. 16(12), e0261121.
T Imamura, M Saito, Y Ko, T Imamura, K Otani, H Akaba, K Ninomiya, Y Furuse, R Miyahara, E Sando, I Yasuda, N Tsuchiya, M Suzuki, H Oshitani (2021) Roles of Children and Adolescents in COVID-19 Transmission in the Community: A Retrospective Analysis of Nationwide Data in Japan. 9, 705882.
Yura Ko, Yuki Furuse, Kota Ninomiya, Kanako Otani, Hiroki Akaba, Reiko Miyahara, Tadatsugu Imamura, Takeaki Imamura, Alex Cook, Mayuko Saito, Motoi Suzuki, Hitoshi Oshitani (2022) Secondary transmission of SARS-CoV-2 during the first two waves in Japan: Demographic characteristics and overdispersion. 116, 365-373.
Chih-Cheng Lai, Tzu-Ping Shih, Wen-Chien Ko, Hung-Jen Tang, Po-Ren Hsueh (2020) Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19): The epidemic and the challenges. 55(3), 105924.
S Mimura, T Fujioka, A Mitsumaru (2010) Preventive effect against influenza-like illness by low-concentration chlorine dioxide gas. 25(5), 277-280.
H Morino, T Koizumi, T Miura, T Fukuda, T Shibata (2013) Inactivation of feline calicivirus by chlorine dioxide gas-generating gel. 133(9), 1017-1022.
N Ogata, T Miura (2020) Inhibition of the binding of spike protein of SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus to human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 by chlorine dioxide. 5(5).
N Ogata, T Miura (1199) Inhibition of the Binding of Variants of SARS-CoV-2 Coronavirus Spike Protein to a Human Receptor by Chlorine Dioxide. 6(1).
Norio Ogata, Miyusse Sakasegawa, Takanori Miura, Takashi Shibata, Yasuhiro Takigawa, Kouichi Taura, Kazuhiko Taguchi, Kazuki Matsubara, Kouichi Nakahara, Daisuke Kato, Koushirou Sogawa, Hiroshi Oka (2016) Inactivation of Airborne Bacteria and Viruses Using Extremely Low Concentrations of Chlorine Dioxide Gas. 97(5-6), 301-306.
Norio Ogata, Takashi Shibata (2008) Protective effect of low-concentration chlorine dioxide gas against influenza A virus infection. 89(1), 60-67.
Norio Ogata, Takashi Shibata (2009) Protective effect of low-concentration chlorine dioxide gas against influenza A virus infection. 89(1), 60-67.
Jian Shang, Gang Ye, Ke Shi, Yushun Wan, Chuming Luo, Hideki Aihara, Qibin Geng, Ashley Auerbach, Fang Li (2020) Structural basis of receptor recognition by SARS-CoV-2. 581(7807), 221-224.
Zhiping Sun, Yun Qian, Norio Ogata, Xia Cai, Wendong Han, Youhua Xie, Hirofumi Morino, Koushirou Sogawa, Takashi Shibata, Di Qu (2022) Effect of chlorine dioxide on avian influenza A (H7N9) virus. 4(1), 53-57.
Waradon Sungnak, Ni Huang, Christophe Bécavin, Marijn Berg, Rachel Queen, Monika Litvinukova, Carlos Talavera-López, Henrike Maatz, Daniel Reichart, Fotios Sampaziotis, Kaylee Worlock, Masahiro Yoshida, Josephine Barnes (2020) SARS-CoV-2 entry factors are highly expressed in nasal epithelial cells together with innate immune genes. 26(5), 681-687.
L (2023) Evans, Ioan (Lyonel), (1927-10 Feb. 1984), JP; MP (Lab and Co-op) Cynon Valley, since 1983 (Aberdare, February 1974-83).
(2022) COVID-19 times: Study protocol for rapid assessment of the situation of women and children in Bihar.
Neeltje Van Doremalen, Trenton Bushmaker, Dylan Morris, Myndi Holbrook, Amandine Gamble, Brandi Williamson, Azaibi Tamin, Jennifer Harcourt, Natalie Thornburg, Susan Gerber, James Lloyd-Smith, Emmie De Wit, Vincent Munster (2020) Aerosol and Surface Stability of SARS-CoV-2 as Compared with SARS-CoV-1. 382(16), 1564-1567.
Zhe Xu, Lei Shi, Yijin Wang, Jiyuan Zhang, Lei Huang, Chao Zhang, Shuhong Liu, Peng Zhao, Hongxia Liu, Li Zhu, Yanhong Tai, Changqing Bai, Tingting Gao, Jinwen Song, Peng Xia, Jinghui Dong, Jingmin Zhao, Fu-Sheng Wang (2020) Pathological findings of COVID-19 associated with acute respiratory distress syndrome. 8(4), 420-422.
Published
2023-02-23
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2023 Authors and Global Journals Private Limited
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.